生态系统服务净价值核算方法及其对北京市人工林项目的评估  

A measure of the net value of ecosystem services and the evaluation of Beijing Plain Afforestation Project

作　　者：曹世雄[1] 李宇腾 鲁晨曦[2] 

机构地区：[1]北京林业大学经济管理学院,北京100083 [2]清华大学地球系统与科学研究中心,北京100084

出　　处：《科学通报》2016年第24期2724-2729,共6页Chinese Science Bulletin

基　　金：国家重点研发计划(2016YFC0501002)资助

摘　　要：生态系统服务价值评估是评价自然生态系统和人工生态系统经济价值的重要方法,是生态学和地理学研究的重要领域.然而,任何价值的形成都免不了成本投入,学术界普遍使用的生态系统服务价值评估方法忽略了生态系统在形成这些服务功能时的成本投入(包括直接投入成本、资源占用成本、风险成本等),计算得出的服务价值必然会夸大自然和人工生态系统、以及维护和恢复生态系统相关措施的经济学意义,给土地利用规划造成混乱,影响了国民经济发展规划的科学性和可行性.为了探索基于可持续发展目标的土地规划的有效方法,该研究在生态系统服务价值概念的基础上,提出了生态系统服务净价值评估方法,并以北京市人工林项目为例,解释了这一方法的应用原理及其意义.通过生态系统服务净价值评估,可以比较分析不同土地利用方式产生的最大净收益,为土地的资源化利用、工农业项目、以及生态环保项目的科学规划和评估提供决策依据,并为社会经济可持续发展、以及国民经济发展规划提供科学依据.Landscapes generate a wide range of valuable ecosystem services, and valuation of these services provides support for land-use decisions. The most common approach to identifying these tradeoffs is called ＂payment for ecosystem services＂（PES）, and when this approach is carefully applied, it has the potential to enhance how ecosystem services are used and improve their protection by signaling the development of a scarcity of environmental resources. However, this approach often ignores the opportunity costs of these services, thereby making the net benefit of the ecosystem services and their responses to land-use change unclear. Therefore, there must be a fuller accounting for both the costs and the benefits of various alternatives, and such an accounting must become the basis for developing policy, reaching ethical decisions, and taking appropriate actions. Through the evaluation of net value of ecosystem services, we can compare the maximum net benefits of alternative land uses, thereby providing basis for decision-making during land use planning, industrial and agricultural programs and ecological and environmental restoration programs as well as socioeconomic and national economic development planning. To address this need, a new approach based on determining the net value of ecosystem services（NES） should be developed to provide a more rigorous comparison of the consequences of land-use change. This approach reveals large differences between the values of a given land use when opportunity costs are and are not accounted for. To illustrate the new approach, here, we use the example of the Beijing Plains Afforestation Project to illustrate the benefits of accounting for the direct and opportunity costs of alternative land uses based on changes in ecosystem services, thereby determining the net value of these services and providing better support for land-use planning and policy development. For this project, we calculated the NES resulting from ecological restoration by comparing the current program

关 键 词：生态系统服务价值 土地规划 生态系统服务净价值(NES) 机会成本 风险成本 

分 类 号：F326.2[经济管理—产业经济] S718.5[农业科学—林学]