市场力量与行业组织：对近代天津钱业清算习惯的研究  

Marketing and Industry:A Study on the Clearing Custom among Old-style Chinese Private Banks in Modern Tianjin

作　　者：孙睿[1] 

机构地区：[1]中国人民大学经济学院,北京100872

出　　处：《中国经济史研究》2016年第5期141-152,共12页Researches in Chinese Economic History

摘　　要：商业习惯是近代市场秩序构建中的重要一环。在近代,行业组织成为商业习惯的重要依托。在天津钱业清算习惯"川换拨码"的历史变迁中,市场力量与行业组织的关系互相交错。钱业使用川换拨码最初是为了活跃市场。随着交易的扩大,习惯的约束力与交易发展出现矛盾。该习惯所衍生的川换债务优先偿付成为最具争议的问题。这种优先权主要靠钱业同人自觉遵守,公会在其中起着重要的中介担保作用。但即使通行已久,政府也不会轻易认可川换债务优先权具有类似法律的普遍性效力。公会也意识到清算工具承担短期信用功能是核心的矛盾和问题,但却无法克服行业利益的保守性,未能主动推动习惯改良。直到市面清算凝滞,才由银行业公会主动提出组建公库,川换清算习惯遂退出历史舞台。可见,市场力量成为推动习惯改良的重要动力,也成为公会突破自身保守性的外在约束。Commerce custom is a important part of the modern marketing orders. In the modern times, guilds become a key role, holding commerce custom. From the history transition of clearing custom ＂Chuan Huan and Bo Ma＂ in Modern Tianjin, we could know about the complex nexus among the Marketing and Industry, which are structuring basic orders of market. In the earlier time, Chuan Huan and Bo Ma made the financial market smoothly. But the problem arises when the force of this clearing custom being a limit for the extend trading. Most controversies focus on the priority debt in this custom, which mainly kept by the whole old-style Chinese private banks in Tianjin. The guild is an intermediary organization as final credit guarantee. But the State do not permitted this custom in official ways, even it taken a long time. The core of contradiction is that the custom taken a credit tool, without any insurance in finance. The problem also be realized by the guild, which cannot play a role to improving this custom, as sticking to their own interests. Until a marketing crisis happen, this custom replaced by a public Group, promoting by the Bank guild. The marketing force, as a important role on custom development, is a constraint to the old-style Chinese private banks guild.

关 键 词：近代天津 商业习惯 市场力量 钱业公会 清算 

分 类 号：K25[历史地理—历史学] F832.9[历史地理—中国史]