氮肥种类及运筹技术调控土壤氮素损失的研究进展  

Research advances on regulating soil nitrogen loss by the type of nitrogen fertilizer and its application strategy

作　　者：周伟[1,2] 吕腾飞[1,3] 杨志平[1,2] 孙红[1,2] 杨莨杰 陈勇[1,2] 任万军[1,2] 

机构地区：[1]农业部西南作物生理生态与耕作重点实验室,四川温江611130 [2]四川农业大学农学院,四川温江611130 [3]四川农业大学水稻研究所,四川温江611130

出　　处：《应用生态学报》2016年第9期3051-3058,共8页Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology

基　　金：国家粮食丰产科技工程项目(2013BAD07B13-02;2011BAD16B05);国家公益性行业(农业)科研专项(201303129)资助~~

摘　　要：氮肥的不合理施用导致氮肥利用率低下,大量氮素通过径流、淋溶、氨挥发、硝化-反硝化作用等途径损失到环境中,从而对水体、大气造成污染,带来严重的环境问题,影响人类健康.施氮量、施肥时间和方式,以及肥料种类对氮素流失量的影响显著.土壤氮素浓度过饱和是导致氮素大量流失的最根本原因,充分利用环境供氮量,减少化学氮肥施用量,采用深施等技术,以及配合施用有机肥,可以有效降低氮素的损失,提高氮素利用率.在开发应用新型高效氮肥和强化氮肥高效管理技术研究的同时,加强环境氮素的监测和利用力度,是实现减氮增效的有力手段.Unreasonable application of nitrogen fertilizer to cropland decreases nitrogen use efficien- cy of crop. A large amount of nitrogen loss to environment through runoff, leaching, ammonia volati- lization, nitrification-denitrification, etc., causes water vironmental problems and threatens human health. The and atmospheric pollution, poses serious en- type of nitrogen fertilizer and its application rate, time, and method have significant effects on nitrogen loss. The primary reason for nitrogen loss is attributed to the supersaturated soil nitrogen concentration. Making full use of environmental nitro- gen sources, reducing the application rate of chemical nitrogen fertilizers, applying deep placement fertilizing method, and applying organic fertilizers with chemical nitrogen fertilizers, are effective practices for reducing nitrogen loss and improving nitrogen use efficiency. It is suggested that deve- loping new high efficiency nitrogen fertilizers, enhancing nitrogen management, and strengthening the monitoring and use of environmental nitrogen sources are the powerful tools to decrease nitrogen application rate and increase efficiency of cropland.

关 键 词：径流 淋溶 氨挥发 反硝化 氮肥运筹 氮素利用率 

分 类 号：S153[农业科学—土壤学]