果树雌蕊败育研究进展  

Research progress on pistil abortion in fruit trees

作　　者：陈利娜[1] 薛辉[1] 牛娟[1] 李好先[1] 张杰[1] 李翠[1] 张富红[1] 赵弟广 刘贝贝[1] 王企 曹尚银[1] 

机构地区：[1]中国农业科学院郑州果树研究所,郑州450009

出　　处：《果树学报》2016年第9期1156-1163,共8页Journal of Fruit Science

基　　金：国家科技基础性工作专项重点项目"我国优势产区落叶果树农家品种资源调查与收集"(2012 FY110100);中国农业科学院科技创新工程:特色果树资源与育种(CAAS-ASTIP-201X-ZFRI)

摘　　要：雌蕊发育是否正常直接关系到果树是否能够正常开花结实。果树中普遍存在雌蕊败育现象,其形式多样、机制复杂,研究果树雌蕊败育的分子调控机制、引起果树雌蕊败育的原因、克服果树雌蕊败育的有效途径对提高果树产量及果实品质具有重要意义。因此,自20世纪50年代,果树雌蕊败育研究一直备受关注,并已开展了大量工作。本文综述了国内外果树雌蕊败育的研究进展,从珠被发育异常、胚囊发育受阻、花柱结构异常、雌蕊分化进程停滞或迟缓四方面介绍果树雌蕊败育的形式,并从基因层面、生理生化及外部环境方面总结了引起果树雌蕊败育的可能原因及克服果树雌蕊败育的有效途径,分析国内外果树雌蕊败育研究存在的问题,展望雌蕊败育的研究前景。Pistil development is directly related to the flowering and fruiting of fruit trees. The pistil abortive phenomenon is prevalent in fruit trees, which has significant impacts on the yield and quality of the fruit. There are one or more separate pistils in a single gynoecium, which are considered to be composed of carpels. A pistil of the hermaphrodite flower is typically composed of three parts： ovary, style and stigma. The ovary is the expanded basal portion of the pistil and it provides the structural support and develops into seeds after fertilization. The style is the elongated section of the pistil; it is a hollow tube through which pollen tubes grow to reach the ovary. The stigma is the apical structure of the pistil, which is used to accept and recognize pollen. The pistil plays a significant role in fruit trees sexual reproduction, the development of the pistil consists of the development of the ovary, the stylar development, and the pollination and fertilization of the fruit trees. Ovules of most fruit trees consist of four parts： an outer layer called the integuments, the nucellus, the funiculus and the female gametophyte. The parenchyma cells in the interfaces of the carpel edge develop into placeta, one or more cells under the placenta epidermis differentiate into the ovule primordia. The ovule primordia undergoes elongated growth and gives rise to a finger-like nucellus. The archespore which is the initiation of the female gametophyte is formed at the tip of the ovule primordia. The archesporial directly differentiates into the megasporocyte, which twice undergoes meiotic divisions and forms four megaspores. Three megaspores near the chalazal ultimately degenerate, only the chalazal-most megaspores continue to undergo thrice nuclear divisions and develop into mature embryosacs, which consists of a central cell, two synergids, and three antipodal cells. If one of the tache is impeded during the development of the fruit floral pistil, the pistil would be abortive. Similarly, the impeded stylar deve

关 键 词：果树 雌蕊败育 胚珠败育 花柱异常 基因调控 环境因子 

分 类 号：S66[农业科学—果树学]