卡尔霍恩的州人民主权论以及美国宪制结构的历史变革  

John C. Calhoun's State Sovereignty Doctrine And the Historical Transformation of American Constitutional Structure

作　　者：高全喜[1] 

机构地区：[1]上海交通大学凯原法学院,教授上海200240

出　　处：《学术月刊》2016年第9期84-98,共15页Academic Monthly

摘　　要：美国的宪制结构经历了一系列变迁,触及其根本的重大变革有两个,一是费城立宪,二是美国内战所带来的宪法革命。美国内战是一场具有革命性质的宪法之战,内战的胜利者赋予了联邦宪法以新的宪制结构,内战所带来的宪法革命以第十三、十四、十五宪法修正案为标志,重塑了美国的联邦制主权结构,并借此革新了美国的宪法精神。在内战前的宪法危机中,卡尔霍恩的州人民主权理论代表着南方各州所持守的美国宪制观。随着内战中南方失败,卡尔霍恩的州人民主权主导的复合主权为林肯式的联邦人民主权主导的复合主权所取代,原初的虚化的二元复合联邦制被改造为实体性的美国人民主导的二元复合联邦制。这是一场重大的宪法革命,但我们也不能单方面以成败论英雄,在赞美林肯一派新国父论的同时,不要遗忘甚至贬抑卡尔霍恩的理论贡献,尤其是其保守式的自由理念、反抗专制体制的宪政设计以及复合多数的民主政制观,更原本地保存着费城立宪的精神和美国宪法的原初面目。American constitutional structure has experienced a series of changes, of which there were two fundamental transformations： the making of the US Constitution in 1787, and the constitutional revolution resulted from the Civil War. American Civil War was a revolutionary war of constitution, bringing about the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments, which reshaped the federal sovereignty and renewed American constitutional spirit. John C. Calhoun＇s state sovereignty doctrine represented the federal constitutional view of the southern States. After the Civil War, Calhoun＇s state sovereignty doctrine was replaced by the Lincolnesque federal sovereignty doctrine, which means the original generalized compound federalism was transfored into a substantial federalism of the American people. We ought not to elect heros by win or loss by forgetting Calhoun＇s theoretical contributions when admiring Lincolnesque doctrine of founding fathers. Calhoun＇s conservative liberalism, his constitutional design with opposition to despotism, and his democratic view of concurrent or constitutional majority, more originally retain American constitutional spirit in the making of the US Constitution.

关 键 词：美国宪法 宪制结构 复合联邦制 州人民主权论 

分 类 号：D73[政治法律—政治学]