基于气象和GIS技术的北京中心城区通风廊道构建初探  

Construction of Ventilation Corridors in the Beijing Central Urban Area Based on Meteorology and GIS Technology

作　　者：杜吴鹏[1] 房小怡[2] 刘勇洪[3] 何永[4] 贺健[5] 

机构地区：[1]北京市气候中心应用气候室 [2]北京市气候中心 [3]北京市气候中心遥感应用室 [4]北京市城市规划设计研究院研究室 [5]北京市城市规划设计研究院

出　　处：《城市规划学刊》2016年第5期79-85,共7页Urban Planning Forum

基　　金：中国气象局气候变化专项(CCSF201506,CCSF201618);中国气象局气候变化创新团队;国家自然科学基金(71473146);北京市科技计划课题(Z161100001216011);北京市气象局科技项目(BMBKJ201503004);北京市气象局城市气候评估创新团队建设计划

摘　　要：利用长年代气象资料、现场观测、高分辨地理信息数据等研究了北京背景风环境、通风潜力分布以及通风廊道对局地微气候的影响,并将研究结果用于北京中心城区通风廊道的规划和构建中。结果表明:近年北京地区年均风速缓慢下降,平均气温和极端最高气温呈上升趋势,中心城区特别是经济和商业中心热岛严重;北京偏北风和偏南风频率最高,城市主通风廊道的走向应与背景风场相一致;在构建次级通风廊道时,宜结合局地"软轻风"的风速和风向分布;通风潜力较大的区域主要为绿地、河道、农田、宽阔街道以及低矮零碎的建筑区,四环内建筑密集、街道狭窄区域的地表通风潜力相对较小;在气温较高时通风廊道有明显的降温作用,可缓解城市热岛;在中小风速条件下,廊道能明显增加局地风速,而在静风或接近静风时,廊道的增风作用则不太显著;最后,基于背景风环境、城市热岛和地表通风潜力分布提出了北京中心城区通风廊道构建的依据、原则和初步方案建议。This paper uses long-term meteorological data, field observations and high-resolution GIS data to examine Beijing＇s background wind environment, venti- lation potential distribution and the impact of ventilation corridors on local micro- climate. It applies the research on the planning and construction of ventilation cor- ridors in the central urban Area. The results show that： average annual wind speed declines slowly, there is a detectable rise in average temperature and ex- treme maximum temperature, and urban heat island effect remains serious in the economic and commercial centers. The frequency of northerly and southerly wind is highest, the main corridors direction should be consistent with background wind fields, and when the secondary ventilation corridors are being constructed, they should be compatible with the distribution of local ＂soft breeze＂ in terms of wind speed and direction. Greater ventilation potential regions are mainly green spaces, rivers, farmlands, wide streets and low-rise detached building areas, while ventilation potential is relatively small for densely built areas and narrow streets within the Fourth Ring. Ventilation corridors have significant cooling effect for higher temperature, which also helps alleviate the urban heat island; meanwhile, ventilation corridors can increase the local wind speed in the condition of medi- um and small wind speed, but when the wind is static or nearly static, the in- crease of wind speed is less significant. Finally, we put forward the principles, preliminary programs and suggestions for developing ventilation corridors in the Beijing central urban area according to the background wind environment, the distributions of urban heat island and surface ventilation potential.

关 键 词：气象 GIS 城市通风廊道 北京 

分 类 号：TU984[建筑科学—城市规划与设计]