稀土元素回收技术及其生命周期循环分析  

Recycling and Life Cycle Analysis of Rare Earth Elements

作　　者：李宏煦[1] 王帅[1] 李超[1] 

机构地区：[1]北京科技大学冶金与生态工程学院,稀贵金属绿色回收与提取北京市重点实验室,北京100083

出　　处：《稀有金属》2016年第9期945-954,共10页Chinese Journal of Rare Metals

基　　金：国家自然科学基金重点项目(51234008)资助

摘　　要：稀土作为重要的战略资源,其在绿色经济发展过程中变得越来越重要。由于其光电磁方面的特性,被广泛应用到各种功能材料中。因为经济的、可开采的稀土矿逐渐减少,许多国家开始从稀土产品废弃物中回收稀土。每年永久磁铁、荧光粉、可充电电池这3种稀土产品生产消耗的稀土占所有稀土用量的80%,这些产品使用前后会有大量的废弃物产生,而这些废弃物是重要的二次稀土资源。但到2011年为止实际上回收的稀土元素仍少于1%,然而却造成严重的环境负荷,其主要原因在于回收效率低、回收技术限制,特别是缺乏鼓励性的措施。基于该情况,本文较系统地综述了废弃物中回收稀土的方法与电渣精炼、湿法浸出、溶剂与金属液体重熔萃取法等冶炼技术,讨论了各种稀土回收技术所面临的挑战,分析了稀土元素回收中其生命周期循环的可能性,并对目前稀土回收的技术前景进行了展望。As a very important strategic resource, rare-earth elements （REEs） are becoming increasingly important in process of green economy development. Because economical or operational primary deposits are reducing, many countries need to rely on recycling of REEs from pre-consumer scrap and REE-containing waste. REEs have been widely used in a variety of modern functional materials due to its optical, electrical and magnetic characteristics, approximately 80% of rare earth being used to produce permanent magnets, lamp phosphors and rechargeable batteries annually. During the process of manufacturing and consumption of these devices and their composition materials, a large amount of waste containing rare earth elements （REEs） was generated, while these wastes were important secondary rare earth resources. However, by 2011 the recovery rate of rare earth was still less than 1% and the process of recovery caused serious environmental problem. This was mainly due to the inefficient collection, technological limitation and, especially, a lack of incentives. In the paper, the recycling processes and technologies of rare earths from waste, including electroslag refining, hydrometallurgical leaching, metal and solvent extraction process were reviewed. Furthermore, the possible life cycle, recycling challenges and recovery prospects of REEs were discussed.

关 键 词：稀土回收 废弃物 生命周期 浸出 萃取 

分 类 号：TF845[冶金工程—有色金属冶金]