世界可再生能源支持政策变迁与趋势  

Evolution and Trends in Global Supportive Renewable Energy Policies

作　　者：罗承先[1] 

机构地区：[1]原中国石化信息中心,北京100011

出　　处：《中外能源》2016年第9期20-27,共8页Sino-Global Energy

摘　　要：可再生能源支持政策包括研发补贴、验证补贴、设备引入补助、售电补助等。本文以售电补助为对象,重点介绍了世界可再生能源支持政策的变迁与发展趋势。目前各国实施的可再生能源支持政策可分为可再生能源电力配额制(RPS)和固定价格制或上网电价补贴政策(FIT)。美国、英国、澳大利亚、韩国和日本等广泛采用RPS,德国为首的欧洲和最近的日本采用FIT。最终形成了以美国为首的RPS和以德国为首的FIP世界两大可再生能源支持政策体系。RPS强制规定,可再生能源发电在总发电量中所占比率,要求电网公司对其全额收购,对不能满足配额要求的责任人处以相应惩罚。价格、供应业者、供应条件等由市场决定。可再生能源证书(REC)制度,是基于RPS的政策工具,REC与RPS配套运行,形成低成本可再生能源电力顺序进入市场的机制。德国的FIT制度,发展演变最终形成FIP(奖励+市场价格)制度。FIP废弃了FIT发电量全量义务收购,并要求可再生能源发电业者直接进入市场销售,对补助水准的确定,则采用竞标委以市场价格发现功能。FIP要求发电业者适应市场供需,参与市场竞争,担负取决于其售电能力的事业合算性风险。同时政府规定奖励售电价格长期维持一定水平,为发电业者提供了长期稳定性。有关文件表明,我国也将实施配额制,推动可再生能源发展。Supportive renewable energy policies cover research and development subsidies ,demonstration allowances, equipment introduction subsidies, power sales allowances, etc.Focusing on power sales allowances, this article describes the evolution and trends in the development of global supportive renewable energy policies. The supportive renewable energy policies imposed by countries include Renewable Portfolio Standard （RPS） and fixed price system or Feed-in Tariff （FIT）.The United States,the United Kingdom,Australia,South Korea and Japan have adopted RPS and most European countries,typified by Germany,and recently Japan have adopted FIT.Therefore,there are basically two major renewable energy supporting policy systems in the world- RPS,typified by the American system,and Feed-In- Premium （FIP）,typified by the German system.RPS stip- ulates a compulsory percentage of renewable energy in total power production and requires grid operators to acquire all electricity output from renewable energy.Those failing to meet these requirements will face punish- ments.Priee,supplier and supply conditions are determined by market forces.The REC system is a policy in- strument based on RPS.The operation of REC in conjunction with RPS forms a mechanism in which low-cost renewable energy-based power enters the market in sequence.Germany＇s FIT system has evolved into today＇s FIP （reward ＋ market price） system.The FIP system has abandoned the obligatory purchase of all electricity output from renewable energy in FIT and requires renewable energy-based power producers to sell their out- put directly in the market.Bidding and market price discovery function are used to determine the level of subsidies.FIP requires power producers to adapt to market supply and demand conditions and participate in market competition and bear the cause feasibility risk hinging on their ability to sell power.In addition,the government will reward those who contribute to maintaining power prices at stable levels for a long time to ensure l

关 键 词：可再生能源发电 支持政策 可再生能源配额制(RPS) 固定价格制(FIT) 奖励+市场价格(FIP) 美国 德国 日本 

分 类 号：F416.61[经济管理—产业经济]