被动大陆边缘盆地分类及其油气分布规律  

Classification and hydrocarbon distribution of passive continental margin basins

作　　者：温志新[1] 徐洪 王兆明[1] 贺正军[1] 宋成鹏[1] 陈曦[1] 汪永华[1] 

机构地区：[1]中国石油勘探开发研究院 [2]中国石油天然气勘探开发公司

出　　处：《石油勘探与开发》2016年第5期678-688,共11页Petroleum Exploration and Development

基　　金：国家油气科技重大专项(2016ZX05029001);中国石油天然气股份有限公司科技重大专项(2013E-0501)

摘　　要：基于板块学说理论,综合对比研究全球66个被动大陆边缘盆地的地震地质,根据盆地结构构造差异将该类盆地划分为断陷型、无盐断坳型、含盐断坳型、无盐坳陷型、含盐坳陷型、三角洲改造型和正反转改造型7个亚类。全球被动大陆边缘盆地是伴随中、新生代大西洋、印度洋等的形成而生成的,经历了裂谷期陆内裂谷、过渡期陆间裂谷、漂移期被动陆缘3个原型阶段的叠加。"断陷型"盆地以下部湖相/海相裂谷层系油气系统为主,上部较薄的坳陷层系仅作为区域盖层,大油气田主要富集于裂谷层系构造类圈闭之中;"无盐断坳型"盆地下部裂谷层系与上部坳陷层系均较发育,裂谷层系发育构造型成藏组合,坳陷层系斜坡扇体油气富集程度高;"含盐断坳型"盆地大油气田主要富集于盐下裂谷层系潟湖相碳酸盐岩和盐上坳陷层系深水斜坡扇;"无盐坳陷型"盆地因具有"窄陆架、陡陆坡型"盆地结构,大油气田主要分布于坳陷层系海底扇群中;"含盐坳陷型"盆地仅坳陷层系油气系统活跃,发育斜坡扇、盐构造及生物礁等多类圈闭;"三角洲改造型"盆地从岸向深水形成独特的生长断裂-泥底辟-逆冲推覆-前渊缓坡4大环状构造带,各带上均可形成大油气田;"正反转改造型"盆地属受中新世以来全球造山影响的被动大陆边缘盆地,油气富集于反转层系挤压背斜之中。Sixty-six passive continental margin basins around the world were compared comprehensively from the aspect of seismogeology on the basis of plate tectonics.According to their structural differences,passive continental margin basins were classified into seven subdivisions,i.e.,rifted basin,non-saline faulted depression basin,saline faulted depression basin,non-saline depression basin,saline depression basin,delta reformed basin and positive reverse deformed basin.The passive continental margin basins around the world have been generated with the formation of Mesozoic and Cenozoic Atlantic and Indian Oceans and they have experienced superimposition of three prototypes,including intra-continental rift in rifting period,intercontinental rift in transitional period and passive continental margin in drifting period.In rifted basins,the petroleum systems are mainly located in the lower lacustrine/marine rift series of strata and the thinner depression series of strata at the upper part are only regional cap-rocks.Large oil and gas fields are mainly concentrated in structural traps of rift series of strata.In non-saline faulted depression basins,hydrocarbon generation and expulsion peaks occur in both upper thicker marine depression series of strata and lower rift series of strata.Reservoirs are formed in the structures of rift series of strata,and oil and gas are highly concentrated at slope fans in depression series of strata.In saline faulted depression basins,large oil and gas fields are mainly distributed in the lagoon carbonate rocks of subsalt series of strata and the deepwater slope fans of suprasalt depression series of strata.In saline depression basins,only petroleum systems in depression series of strata are active,and various traps are developed,such as slope fan,salt structure and bioherm.In non-saline depression basins,large oil and gas fields are mainly located in submarine fan groups of depression series of strata because this type of basins are of narrow continental shelf and steep continental slope.In

关 键 词：被动大陆边缘 原型盆地 盆地结构 盆地分类 大油气田 分布规律 

分 类 号：TE121[石油与天然气工程—油气勘探]