水利工程污损生物沼蛤的物理去除技术研究  

Physical Methods of Removing Biofouling Limnoperna fortunei in Hydraulic Engineering

作　　者：魏小熙 刘德富[2] 杨正健[2] 张佳磊[2] WEI Xiao-xi LIU De-fu YANG Zheng-jian ZHANG Jia-lei(Hubei Provincial Water Resources and Hydropower Planning Survey and Design Institute,Wuhan 430064, China School of Civil Engineering and Environment,Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China)

机构地区：[1]湖北省水利水电规划勘测设计院,武汉430064 [2]湖北工业大学土木建筑与环境学院,武汉430068

出　　处：《长江科学院院报》2016年第10期24-27,35,共5页Journal of Changjiang River Scientific Research Institute

基　　金：国家重点基础研究发展计划(973)前期研究计划课题(2014CB460601);科技部2014年国际科技合作与交流专项(2014DFE70070)

摘　　要：我国南方水利工程常受到沼蛤(limnoperna fortunei)生物污损的危害,沼蛤高密度粘附在结构面上会改变建筑物功能结构,影响水利工程安全运营。通过研究沼蛤在离水干燥、高温水浴、超声波、电流作用下的死亡特征,探讨利用物理方法去除沼蛤的工程技术可行性。研究结果表明:沼蛤在环境温度为28℃的离水干燥条件下,3d就会因缺水而死亡;沼蛤在水浴温度为44℃的环境中的死亡时间为10h,当水浴温度>55℃时,在其接触高温水体瞬间就会死亡,内部组织与角质壳分离、脱落;在沼蛤集中的水环境中加载超声波和高压电流也能灭杀沼蛤幼虫及成贝,有效抑制其大量繁殖。研究了4种去除沼蛤的物理方法,其中离水干燥法和高温水浴法灭杀效率较高,而超声波和电流灭杀法具有较好的预防特性。Hydraulic projects in south China often suffer from the biofouling hazards of limnoperna fortunei which ad-heres to the surface of structures in high-density, changing the function of structure buildings and affecting the safe operation of hydraulic projects. Through researching the mortality characteristics of limnoperna fortunei under conditions of drying, high water temperature, ultrasound wave, and electric current, we discuss the feasibility of removing limnoperna fortunei using physical methods. Results revealed that limnoperna fortune died three days after being in dehydration condition at 28 ℃; and 10 hours in high temperature （44 ℃ ） ; when the water temperature is higher than 55 ℃ , limnoperna fortunei died instantly contacting with water. Ultrasonic wave and high pressure electric current in water could also kill larva and adult limnoperna fortune effectively. Among the four methods, dehydration and high temperature are the most effective, while ultrasonic wave and electric current are of good prevention effect.

关 键 词：沼蛤 生物污损 物理去除 干燥脱水 高温水浴灭杀 超声波 高压电流 

分 类 号：Q958.8[生物学—动物学] TV698.2[水利工程—水利水电工程]