周代言谏制度与文学发展  

The Expostulation System of the Zhou Dynasty and Its Literary Development

作　　者：王齐洲[1] 

机构地区：[1]华中师范大学文学院,湖北文学理论与批评研究中心,武汉430079

出　　处：《清华大学学报（哲学社会科学版）》2016年第5期84-97,共14页Journal of Tsinghua University(Philosophy and Social Sciences)

摘　　要：周代建立了言谏制度,用于社会政治言论的收集与管理。天子通过各种谏言听政,各诸侯也要仿效,以便了解民情,教化民众。言谏制度中有"公卿列士献诗""史献书""百工谏"等制度性安排,政教目的十分明确。因此,进入体制内的诗歌生产和消费是一种职务行为。周初的颂美诗其实也是谏言。西周末年和东周前期的"变风""变雅",既是言谏制度的延续,也酝酿着诗歌发展的突破。春秋中叶的《鲁颂》被人视为"变颂",它的出现标志着"献诗听政"的终结。周代史官除了记载周代史实,还记录整理了《虞书》《夏书》《商书》,因为"史献书"的制度安排要求史官们履行随时向天子提供过往统治经验的职责,所以《尚书》所载都是关于帝王们政教的经验教训。春秋战国时期的子书实为史书之旁衍,诸子"上说"也有"史献书"之遗意。周代古文多是言谏制度下随着形势发展而出现的不同形式的谏言,其社会功用在于政教。在周代言谏制度中,庶人对朝政的"诽谤"可以通过士的渠道上达天子,成为天子补察其政的谏言;天子身边的百工也都能向天子进谏,从而使政教更加完善。这种制度安排促进了小说的产生和发展。The Zhou Dynasty established a expostulation system for the collection and management of social and political opinions. Through various admonitions,the emperor and the princes could understand the aspirations of the people and educate people. The expostulation system includes the following things: Lords offering poems,historiographer offering books,and courtiers offering admonitions and other institutional arrangements. All these elements have a very clear political indoctrination purposes. Therefore,the production and consumption of poetry in the system is a kind of duty behavior. In the early Zhou Dynasty,ode is actually admonition. From the late Western Zhou Dynasty to the early Eastern Zhou Dynasty,bianfeng( 变 风) and bianya( 变雅) are not only a continuation of the expostulation system but also brewing breakthrough in the development of poetry. In the midSpring and Autumn Period,Lu Song( 鲁颂) was regarded as bian song( 变颂),which marks the end of offering poems and understanding politics. Besides historical records of the Zhou Dynasty,historiographers of the Zhou Dynasty complied Yu shu( 虞书),Xia shu( 夏书) and Shang shu( 商书) because the system arrangements require historiographers to perform at any time to the emperor with the duties of the past experience of the ruling.In the Zhou Dynasty expostulation system,the emperor gains political opinions of commoners from Shi( 士) to remedy the fault. Courtiers around the emperor could make recommendations to the emperor,so as to make politics more perfect. These institutional arrangements promote the emergence and development of the novel.

关 键 词：周代 言谏制度 文学发展 

分 类 号：I206.2[文学—中国文学]