明代万历年间江南民众的佛教信仰——以万历十七年至二十年五台山方册藏施刻文为中心的考察  

The Buddhist Belief of Jiangnan Publics During the Reign of Emperor Wanli in the Ming Dynasty——A Survey of Inscribed Words for Recording the Donation of Fang Ce Zang of Mount Wutai During Wanli 17 to 20 as a core

作　　者：章宏伟[1,2] 

机构地区：[1]复旦大学中国历史地理研究所 [2]故宫博物院故宫学研究所

出　　处：《清华大学学报（哲学社会科学版）》2016年第5期111-126,共16页Journal of Tsinghua University(Philosophy and Social Sciences)

基　　金：故宫博物院科研基金资助课题"故宫博物院藏<嘉兴藏>研究"

摘　　要：佛教信仰是一种特殊的文化现象。与其他宗教一样,佛教不能仅凭信仰而存在,需要一定的经济保障。刊刻《大藏经》是僧众弘法的一种重要手段和途径,捐刻方册藏是晚明居士佛教注重实践修持的功德化与信仰化所表现出的现实倾向。这类活动需要巨额资金,需要信教群众的捐赠,争取布施就是争取信徒。通过对五台山刻藏施主的地域空间分布研究,可以了解同一时期不同地区的佛教信仰状况,以及佛教信仰在不同地区流行的空间差异。江南地区经济繁荣,文化发达,有长久的佛教传统,常有僧侣来往,佛教容易与文化水平高的士人发生联系。他们经济条件优越,忧虑人生无常,为了修来世、求解脱、往生西方净土,也为超度亡灵、祛疾消灾、保佑子孙、增福添寿,纷纷信佛,热心功德,并带动家族、姻亲、同乡、同年、同僚等关系,散财布施,既为佛教发展提供物质保障,又促进了佛法向周围地区的传播。现存五台山刻经46种601卷的施主绝大多数是江南人,北方施主施资微薄。北方筹集刻资不易,资金绝大部分要仰仗江南,加上五台山刻场自然条件恶劣,本来刻场设于五台山就是因为南方连年水灾不得已而定,当南方环境转变,南迁径山自在情理之中。The Buddhist belief is a kind of special cultural phenomenon,similar to other religions,the existence of Buddhism not only needs faith,but also economic guarantee. Inscribing Tripitaka is an important method for monks to study and popularize Buddhism. The donation and inscription of Fang Ce Zang is a realistic expression for Buddhists to focus on practical training faithfully with merits and virtues. These activities need a lot of money and donation from people. More donation means more money. Through the study of regional spatial distribution of Mount Wutai donors,we can understand the condition of Buddhist faith in different regions,and at the same time,in propagating time difference. Whether people believe in Buddhism and the level of faith can be reflected by the number of Tripitakas donation. Jiangnan area,south of the Yangtze River,has prosperous economy,advanced culture and long Buddhist tradition. Buddhism is related easily with literati because of the contacts of monks. The literati have superior economic conditions,and usually concern for life. For fixing the afterlife,seeking relief,pursuing pure western land,channeling dead,eliminating disasters and ills,blessing descendent and increasing happiness and longevity,they believe in Buddhism gradually,focusing on merits and virtues,spreading money for alms giving with their families,affinities,townsmen,classmates and colleagues. These activities not only provide material guarantee for Buddhist development,but also promote its popularization in the surrounding regions. Most donors of the existing 46 types 601 books are Jiangnan people,and the donors from the north with little money. It is not easy to collect money from the north,and therefore most money comes from Jiangnan. Because of the hostile environment in the Mount Wutai,it is unavoidable to make the decision for the place with flood in Jiangnan. With the environmental changing,it is no doubt reasonable for them to move to the Jingshan.

关 键 词：方册藏 五台山 佛教信仰 江南 传播 

分 类 号：B949[哲学宗教—宗教学] K248[历史地理—历史学]