世界遗产“突出的普遍价值”及其游客感知研究  

Visitor perception toward outstanding universal value of world heritage sites

作　　者：钟士恩[1,2] 张捷[3] 章锦河[3] 万绪才[1,2] 吴丽敏[1,2] 周雪娇[1,2] 

机构地区：[1]南京财经大学工商管理学院,江苏南京210046 [2]南京财经大学旅游产业发展研究院,江苏南京210046 [3]南京大学地理与海洋科学学院,江苏南京210023

出　　处：《中国人口·资源与环境》2016年第10期161-167,共7页China Population,Resources and Environment

基　　金：国家自然科学基金项目"主题公园旅游空间的生长及其空间外部性研究:以常州市环球恐龙城为例"(批准号:41201136);"旅游地生态效率评价模型及测度研究"(批准号:41271161);国家旅游局旅游业青年专家培养计划(批准号:TYEPT201423)

摘　　要：成为世界遗产仅是遗产保护和价值阐释、传播的起点,但世界遗产"突出的普遍价值"(OUV)的评价问题一直存在着全球视野和本土意境下的阐释差异。文章以中国进入世界遗产名录和预备名录的三清山、九寨沟、江南水乡为例,阐释突出的普遍价值OUV(概念+十项评估标准+完整性和/或原真性+足够的保护和管理机制),提出了将国际语境与本土语境有机结合的OUV评价新标准。首先,OUV虽然是联合国教科文组织UNESCO在评选世界遗产时的主要依据,但在挣脱国家界限特别是要求当事国按照OUV的标准、惯例进行管理的过程中,存在价值丢失的问题。其次,虽然OUV是由UNESCO的专家委员会进行评价和比较分析得出(显然定性、无分值的),但通过强化量表设计过程的逻辑判断和理性对待信度和效度问题,OUV可以通过Liket量表进行测量,结果显示OUV能够被公众理解和欣赏。再次,OUV的专家评价和公众评价既存在共性特征,亦存在差异特征(即价值丢失部分),并表现为不同的用途,遗产地的管理者如能将OUV的世界语境与本土化语境有机结合,能够避免价值丢失问题的出现。建议三清山在"奇峰怪石、峡谷幽云、植被生态、高空栈道"的OUV世界语境基础上,同样需要重视"道教名山"的本土化语境。建议江南水乡严格保护水乡古镇的外围水乡地域环境,它们对于理解江南水乡的OUV,特别是其完整性、原真性的必然要求都是不可或缺的。遗产地的管理者同样需要综合看待专家评价和公众评价。江南水乡案例生动的诠释,专家评价有其科学性和严肃性,"建构的原真性"、"后现代的原真性",亦或是"存在的原真性",它们永远不可能替代"客观的原真性"。考虑到OUV的阐释,公众评价同样有着重要的用途,特别是其社会教育意义、精神信仰和国家认同意义等。This article reviews and interprets the concept of outstanding universal value （OUV） from the UNESCO, and discusses the ten criteria for OUV assessment as well as its significance in heritage management. It is argued that heritage sites nominated under criteria （i） to （vi） must meet the conditions of authenticity and integrity, and adequate long-term legislative and regulatory management. The cases studied include Mount Sanqingshan National Park （MSNP） and Jiuzhaigou Valley Scenic and Historic Interest Area （JVSHIA） which are designated in the World Heritage List （WHL）, as well as the Historical Waterfront Towns in the South of Yangtze River （ HWTSYR）. The paper presents the following major findings from empirical analysis ： （1）A world heritage site（WHS） is nominated mainly consistent with OUV and the UNESCO and seeks to establish a representative, balanced and credible WHL. However, a potential issue still exists because the UNESCO does not intend to ensure the protection of all sites of great interest, importance or value, but only for a selected list of the most outstanding of these from an international viewpoint. Apparently, a WHS has OUV from an international viewpoint, but it should also be perceived to have great values from a national or regional viewpoint. Considering the substantial economic benefits of WHS designation, an enlisted site may pay more attention to OUV while not the great values from a national or regional viewpoint in the practice of heritage protection and management. This phenomenon can be called ＇ value leakage＇ , which has been confirmed in our study. （2）OUV is attributed by people and through human appreciation, and it is shaped on a narrative and qualitative basis. Therefore, it can be measured by Likert scale with different items directly derived from the Advisory Body Evaluation （ including the expert evaluation on a WHS＇ s OUV） available on the official website of UNESCO, by strengthening the logical judgments of scale design.

关 键 词：突出的普遍价值 游客感知 专家评价 公众评价 

分 类 号：K901[历史地理—人文地理学]