“他的老师当得好”与论元的选择——语法中的显著性和局部性  

Syntax-Semantics Mismatches and Argument Selection:Prominence and Locality in Grammar

作　　者：胡建华[1] 

机构地区：[1]中国社会科学院语言研究所

出　　处：《世界汉语教学》2016年第4期435-455,共21页Chinese Teaching in the World

基　　金：国家社科基金重点项目"论元选择中的显著性和局部性研究"(项目批准号:14AYY016)的阶段性成果

摘　　要：本文讨论"他的老师当得好"中的句法语义不对应现象,即文献中所说的形义错配问题。论文首先着重检讨形式句法对该结构的一些分析,指出其理论上和经验上难以克服的问题,然后采用非移位的方法对该结构的句法语义做出新的分析和论证。本文的主要观点是,现代汉语普通话是受事主语句语言,而"他的老师当得好"这类结构是普通话中真正的受事主语句。受事主语句中伪定语结构的解读,可以用显著性与局部性这两个交互作用的条件来调节。至于非受事主语句中的伪定语结构,其解读不取决于句法,而是取决于语境或言谈双方所共享的背景知识。This paper discusses the syntax-semantics mismatches exhibited by Chinese fake possessive structures like ta de laoshi dang de hao（literally＂his teacher acts well＂）where the possessor and the possessee are semantically interpreted as the subject and the object of the predicate of the sentence（meaning ＂he acts well as a teacher＂）though they do not occupy these positions syntactically.There are several transformational analyses of such mismatches in the generative literature,which claim that the so-called syntax-semantics mismatch structures are actually gerundive phrases formed by the raising of a verb,either overt or non-overt,hypothesized to originate in the fake possessive structure at Dstructure.This paper shows that these transformational accounts have a number of conceptual and empirical problems that can hardly be solved,and argues that the fake possessive structures are base-generated rather than movement-derived.It further claims that these structures,when occurring in the subject position of the sentence,can form real patient-subject sentences in Chinese,which differ from patient-topic sentences fundamentally.In the end,the paper proposes a non-transformational analysis of these structures and shows that their interpretations can be regulated by the interaction of the Prominence Condition and the Locality Condition proposed in Hu（2002,2010）.

关 键 词：形义错配 对应性 伪定语 受事主语句 显著性 局部性 

分 类 号：H146[语言文字—汉语]