我国近海藻华灾害现状、演变趋势与应对策略  

Harmful Algal Blooms in the Coastal Waters of China: Current Situation, Long-term Changes and Prevention Strategies

作　　者：于仁成[1] 刘东艳[2] 

机构地区：[1]中国科学院海洋研究所,青岛266071 [2]中国科学院烟台海岸带研究所,烟台264003

出　　处：《中国科学院院刊》2016年第10期1167-1174,共8页Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences

基　　金：中科院战略性先导科技专项(XDA11020304);基金委山东省联合项目(U1406403);青岛海洋科学与技术国家实验室鳌山科技创新计划项目(2016ASKJ02);国家重点基础研究发展计划"973"项目(2010CB428700)

摘　　要：有害藻华是近海常见的灾害性生态异常现象,不仅包括微藻形成的"赤潮"和"褐潮",也包括大型藻类形成的"绿潮"。在许多海域,有害藻华问题一旦出现,就会持续很长一段时间,对海水养殖、生态安全和人类健康构成威胁。在我国,有害藻华已成为一类突出的海洋生态灾害问题。渤海海域、长江口及其邻近海域和南海近岸海域是3个典型的赤潮高发区,大规模暴发的赤潮对海水养殖业造成了严重破坏,也威胁到海域生态安全和人类健康。近期在南黄海和渤海海域还出现了绿潮和褐潮等灾害性有害藻华现象,受到高度关注。综合分析我国近海的有害藻华问题可以看出,我国近海藻华原因种呈现出多样化、有害化和小型化的演变趋势,这给藻华的监测和管理带来了许多困难。为有效防控有害藻华,有必要加强针对有害藻华的基础研究,阐明藻华原因种的多样性状况、藻华发生与生态系统健康的关系、藻华的演变趋势及其驱动因子、藻华演变可能造成的生态效应等基础问题,同时,应进一步加强对藻华的观测预警和控制防范能力。Harmful algal bloom （HAB） is an abnormal marine ecological phenomenon, which often associates with disastrous economic or ecological consequences. Typical HAB events include not only ＂red tides＂ or ＂brown tides＂ formed by microalgae, but also ＂green tides formed by some macroalgal species. Once HABs appear in some regions, they would last for a long time and lead to severe impacts on mariculture industry, marine ecosystems, even the health of human-beings. In China, HABs are among the most serious marine ecological problems. Red tides, brown tides, and green tides have been all reported in the coastal waters of China. The Bohai Sea, the Changjiang River estuary and its adjacent waters, and the coastal waters along the South China Sea are identified as three most notable regions for the occurrence of red tides. In the Bohai Sea, large-scale red tides of Gymnodinium sp., Ceratiumfurca and Phaeocystis sp., as well as the recently identified brown tides ofAureococcus anophagefferens, led to severe impacts on the mariculture industry and huge economic loss. Toxic algal blooms of Dinophysis spp. and Alexandrium spp. were also reported. In the Changjiang River estuary and its adjacent waters, large-scale blooms formed by dinoflagellates Prorocentrum donghaiense, Karenia mikimotoi and Alexandrium spp. started to appear from the beginning of the 21 century and also led to tremendous impacts. A single bloom event ofK. mikimotoi along the coast of Fujian Province in 2012 led to economic loss around 2 billion RMB. In the coastal waters of the South China Sea, the intensive blooms of Phaeocystis not only damaged the mariculture industry, but also posed potent threats on the operation of cooling systems of power plant. For the HABs recorded in China, it was also noticed that the bloom-forming species are getting more and more diversified over the last two decades. Besides the microalgal blooms formed by diatoms, dinoflagellates, haptophytes, cyanobacteria, cryptophytes, raphidophytes, and pelagophytes, blooms of

关 键 词：有害藻华 赤潮 绿潮 褐潮 

分 类 号：X55[环境科学与工程—环境工程]