氮肥运筹对机插双季稻产量、氮肥利用率及经济效益的影响  

Effects of nitrogen application on yield, nitrogen use efficiency and economic benefit of double-cropping rice by mechanical transplanting

作　　者：王秀斌[1] 徐新朋[1] 孙静文[1] 梁国庆[1] 刘光荣[2] 周卫[1] 

机构地区：[1]中国农业科学院农业资源与农业区划研究所,农业部植物营养与肥料重点实验室,北京100081 [2]江西省农业科学院土壤肥料与资源环境研究所,江西南昌330200

出　　处：《植物营养与肥料学报》2016年第5期1167-1176,共10页Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers

基　　金：现代农业产业技术体系建设专项资金(CARS-01-31);国家重点基础研究发展计划(2013CB127405)资助

摘　　要：【目的】随着劳动力成本的提高,机械插秧是降低水稻生产劳动强度的必要措施之一,研究适应该技术的氮肥施用时期和比例,对推广该技术,实现机插双季稻稳产高产具有重要意义。【方法】以早稻和晚稻为试验材料,进行机插双季稻氮肥施用田间试验。在同一施氮量下,设置氮素基肥∶分蘖肥∶穗肥比例为8∶2∶0(N_(8∶2∶0))、7∶2∶1(N_(7∶2∶1))、6∶2∶2(N_(6∶2∶2))、5∶2∶3(N_(5∶2∶3))、4∶2∶4(N_(4∶2∶4))、3∶2∶5(N_(3∶2∶5))和不施氮肥(CK)7个处理。调查了早稻和晚稻产量形成、氮素吸收以及氮肥利用特征,讨论了氮肥后移与产量、产量形成及肥料利用率的关系。【结果】机插早、晚稻基肥∶分蘖肥∶穗肥比例分别为6∶2∶2和5∶2∶3处理水稻高产的群体结构最合理,有效穗、穗粒数、结实率与千粒重的乘积最大,协调产量的各因子达最佳值。同时发现,机插早、晚稻穗肥比例与有效穗数呈极显著负相关,与穗粒数呈正相关,与结实率呈抛物线关系。施氮处理机插早、晚稻的籽粒和秸秆氮含量及氮素累积量较CK处理均有所增加,其中随着穗肥比例的增大,早、晚稻的籽粒和秸秆氮含量均呈现增加的趋势,而氮素累积量均呈先增后减的趋势。无论机插早稻(施氮量为180 kg/hm^2)还是晚稻试验(施氮量为195 kg/hm^2),随着穗肥比例的增大,氮肥贡献率(NCR)、氮肥农学利用率(NAE)、氮肥吸收利用率(NRE)、氮肥偏生产力(PFP_N)以及经济效益均呈先增后减的趋势,其中早稻N6∶2∶2处理NCR、NAE、NRE、PFPN和经济效率均达最大值,晚稻N_(5∶2∶3)处理均达最大值;而早、晚稻氮肥生理利用率(NPE)随着穗肥比例的增大均呈现逐渐减少的趋势。【结论】在施氮量和分蘖肥比例相同的条件下,机插早、晚稻施基蘖肥与穗肥比例分别为6∶2∶2和5∶2∶3时,有利于水稻高产和氮肥高效,是较为理想的【Objectives】Machine-transplanted seedling has become one of the important ways for decreasing labor cost in rice cultivation. Studying the optimized N application is crucial for achieving high N use efficiency and stable and high yield of double-cropping rice.【Methods】Field experiments were conducted on a doublecropping rice using mechanical transplanting. Under the same nitrogen application rate and with no- nitrogen fertilizer as control（CK）, six ratios of N fertilizer amount in basal： tillering： earring were designed as： 8 ： 2 ： 0（N_（8 ： 2 ： 0））, 7 ： 2 ： 1（N_（7 ： 2 ： 1））, 6 ： 2 ： 2（N_（6 ： 2 ： 2））, 5 ： 2 ： 3（N_（5 ： 2 ： 3））, 4 ： 2 ： 4（N_（4 ： 2 ： 4））, 3 ： 2 ： 5（N_（3 ： 2 ： 5））. The rice yield, and N absorption and use efficiency were investigated, the relationships among them were discussed.【Results】With the N ratio of basal： tillering： panicle of 6 ： 2 ： 2 for early rice, and 5 ： 2 ： 3 for late rice, the rice had more reasonable population structure, higher effective panicle number, more grain number per panicle, higher seedsetting rate and 1000-grain weight, and the optimal coordination of each factor. The N ratio in panicle fertilizer had a significantly negative correlation with the effective panicle number, but a positive correlation with the grain number per panicle, and had a parabolic relation with the seed-setting rate. For early and late rice, the N contents of both grain and straw and N accumulation amount in all N fertilizer treatments increased compared with those of CK treatment, where in the N contents of both grain and straw took on a rising trend with the increase of panicle fertilizer proportion, while the N accumulation amount first went up and then dropped down. Whether machinetransplanted early rice（N 180 kg/hm^2） or late rice（N 195 kg/hm^2）, along with the increase of panicle fertilizer proportion, nitrogen contribution rate（NCR）, nitrogen agronomic eff

关 键 词：氮肥运筹 机插 双季稻 产量 氮肥利用率 经济效益 

分 类 号：S511.42[农业科学—作物学]