施肥配合薄膜生草二元覆盖有效提高渭北苹果的产量和品质  

Improving yield and quality of apples though double mulching of film and cabbage combined with fertilization in Weibei dryland, Shaanxi Province

作　　者：温美娟[1,2] 党娜[1,2] 翟丙年[1,2] 郑伟[1,2] 王朝辉[1,2] 赵政阳[3] 

机构地区：[1]西北农林科技大学资源环境学院,陕西杨凌712100 [2]农业部西北植物营养与农业环境重点实验室,陕西杨凌712100 [3]西北农林科技大学园艺学院,陕西杨凌712100

出　　处：《植物营养与肥料学报》2016年第5期1339-1347,共9页Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers

基　　金：公益性行业(农业)科研专项资助项目(201303104;201103005-9);陕西省农业科技创新转化项目(NYKJ-2015-17);杨凌示范区农业科技示范推广能力提升项目(2015-TS-18);西北农林科技大学试验示范基地科技成果推广项目(TGZX2014-16)资助

摘　　要：【目的】合理施肥与覆盖是渭北果园高产高效的必要措施,本研究依据当地实际提出了一个优化的施肥覆盖综合措施,并进行了效果验证试验,为其改进和推广提供依据。【方法】田间试验于2012~2014年在陕西渭北旱塬白水县收水村、可仙村、田家洼村进行。对照采用的农户模式(F)为不施有机肥、果树行间裸露,基肥N∶P_2O_5∶K_2O用量为300∶160.∶120 kg/hm^2;萌芽期3月20日追肥;N∶P_2O_5∶K_2O用量为150∶80∶60kg/hm^2。目前的推广措施为增施有机肥22.5 t/hm^2,树盘覆盖黑塑料膜,基肥N∶P_2O_5∶K_2O用量为200∶120∶180 kg/hm^2,追肥推迟到膨果期8月10日进行,N∶P_2O_5∶K_2O用量为100∶60∶90 kg/hm^2;拟定的优化施肥模式(O)为:树盘四周覆盖黑色塑料膜,树行间种植小油菜覆盖土壤,有机肥增加到45 t/hm^2,氮磷钾用量不变,调整基追比例和追施时间,具体为基肥N∶P_2O_5∶K_2O用量为150∶90∶135 kg/hm^2,追肥在7月10日进行,N∶P_2O_5∶K_2O用量为150∶90∶135 kg/hm^2。测定比较了三种管理措施不同时期苹果叶片和果实的养分含量及累积量,并分析了果实品质及产量。【结果】与现有模式相比,优化模式果树幼果期叶片N、P、K含量平均分别增加了1.4%、8.4%和5.9%;膨果期分别平均增加了5.6%、15.5%和8.1%;成熟期平均分别增加了6.9%、5.9%和11.6%。果实对N、P、K养分吸收量为优化模式>现有模式>农户模式,三个果园优化模式管理的果实N、P、K养分吸收量较现有模式平均分别增加了30.1%、31.8%和26.5%。优化模式能显著提高果实硬度、VC、可溶性固形物含量、可溶性糖含量及单果重,降低果实酸含量。果实商品率和糖酸比均以优化模式最高,商品率较农户模式、现有模式平均增加22.2%、17.4%,糖酸比平均增加42.6%、14.5%。此外,优化模式能显著提高苹果单株产量,三个试验点优化模式较农户模式和现有模式单株产量平均�【Objectives】Reasonable fertilization and effective mulching of soil have been the key measurement for high and stable agriculture production in the dry land of north Shaanxi Province. An optimized practice wasproposed and its effectiveness in improving apple yield and quality was studied in the base of the farmer＇s mode and the currently recommended measurement. 【Methods】Field experiments were conducted in consecutive two years in three orchards each year. In farmers＇ mode, no organic fertilizer was used and the soil around the apple trees was cleared. The basal amount of N, P_2O_5, K_2O was 300, 160, 120 kg/hm^2, and the top dressing amount was 150, 80, 60 kg/hm^2 at germinating stage（March 20）; The currently recommended management includes mulching the tree base soil with black film but cleared the soils between the tree rows, applying manure22.5 t/hm^2, the basal amount of N, P_2O_5, K_2O was 200, 120, 180 kg/hm^2, top dressing amount was 100, 60, 90kg/hm^2 at fruit enlarging stage（August 10）; the optimized measurement was： mulching tree base with black film and growing small rape in between the tree rows, organic manure amount was increased to 45 t/hm^2, both the basal and top dressing amount of N, P_2O_5, K_2O were 150, 90, 135 kg/hm^2, but the dressing time was brought advanced at early stage of fruiting enlarging（July 10）. The nutrient uptake in different growth periods of apple trees and the yield and quality of fruits were investigated, and the yield and quality of fruit were investigated.【Results】Compared with the extension pattern, the NPK contents of leaves in optimized model were averagely increased by 1.4%, 8.4% and 5.9% in young fruit period; by 5.6%, 15.5% and 8.1% in fruit enlargement period,and by 6.9%, 5.9% and 11.6% in ripening period. The fruit nutrient uptake was in order of optimized model extension model farmer model, and the difference between the optimized model and the farmer model was significant（P 0.05）. Compared with farmer model, the NPK uptake in f

关 键 词：苹果 有机肥 二元覆盖 品质 产量 

分 类 号：S661.1[农业科学—果树学]