中国土壤湿度的变异及其对中国气候的影响  

Variations of soil moisture over China and their influences on Chinese climate

作　　者：张人禾[1] 刘栗[1] 左志燕[1] 

机构地区：[1]中国气象科学研究院,北京100081

出　　处：《自然杂志》2016年第5期313-319,共7页Chinese Journal of Nature

基　　金：国家重点基础研究发展计划(973计划)项目(2015CB453203);国家自然科学基金(41205059;41375092)资助

摘　　要：土壤湿度是气候系统中的重要参量,对地球系统中水分、能量以及地球生物化学循环都有重要影响。本文综述了关于土壤湿度对大气的影响,以及中国区域土壤湿度及其对中国气候影响的研究进展,分析了土壤湿度通过影响地表能量和水分平衡,进而影响大气的变化。现有研究表明:在中国东部春季,土壤湿度的气候分布表现为东北、长江中下游为高值区,华北较干,河套地区的土壤湿度最低;中国东部中纬度地区是土壤湿度年际变异最大的区域,并与东北区域呈反相变化;土壤湿度整体上呈现变干的趋势,深层土壤变干较浅层土壤显著,且东北和南方地区比中纬度地区的变干趋势显著。中国东部从长江流域到华北的春季土壤湿度偏高时,通过改变春末地表能量平衡可以导致东亚夏季风减弱,造成夏季华南和华北降水减小,长江中下游和东北降水增多。中国北方季风边缘区的土壤湿度对局地降水有显著影响,而土壤湿度对局地温度有显著影响的区域主要位于中国北方。Soil moisture is one of the key factors in climate system, which significantly affects the cycles of water, energy and geobiochemistry in earth system. This paper gives a review on the atmospheric influences of soil moisture as well as the variations of soil moisture over China and their impacts on Chinese climate, so as to illustrate the soil moisture＇s influences on atmosphere through altering the surface energy and water balances. In eastern China, the climatological distribution of spring soil moisture exhibits high values in northeastern China and middle-lower reaches of Yangtze River valley, and low values in northern China with the lowest in He Tao region. The largest interannual variation of spring soil moisture is found over the middle latitudes in eastern China, which is out of phase with that over northeastern China. The soil in eastern China shows drying trend, with deeper layers drying more significantly than upper layers and northeastern and southern China than middle latitudes. A wetter than normal spring soil moisture over the region ranging from Yangtze River valley to northern China can weaken the East Asian summer monsoon through altering the surface energy balance in late spring, resulting in less summer rainfall over southern and northern China, more over middle-lower reaches of Yangtze River valley and northeastern China. The local rainfall in monsoon marginal zone over northern China and the air temperature in northern China are influenced significantly by the local soil moisture.

关 键 词：土壤湿度 中国气候 地表水分平衡 地表能量平衡 

分 类 号：S152.7[农业科学—土壤学] P461.4[农业科学—农业基础科学]