科举教育、捐官制度与官员晋升——基于清代官员履历档案的实证研究  

Imperial Education,Subscription System and Official Promotion:Empirical Study Based on History Archives of Officials in the Qing Dynasty

作　　者：燕红忠[1] 卫辛 

机构地区：[1]上海财经大学经济学院,上海200433

出　　处：《财经研究》2016年第11期4-18,共15页Journal of Finance and Economics

基　　金：教育部新世纪优秀人才支持计划(NCET-13-0894)

摘　　要：社会流动是影响社会结构变化和社会变迁方向的重要因素,也是影响政治稳定和经济发展的关键环节。在传统社会里,科举教育和捐官制度均是人才选拔与阶层向上流动的主要途径。文章以晚清官员履历档案的微观数据为基础,考察了科举教育与捐官制度之间的关系。研究发现,科举教育和捐官制度并不是完全排斥的两种入仕途径,它们相互交织,成为清代官制不可缺失的部分。其中,入仕的难易程度是不同教育出身的候选官员考虑是否捐纳以及如何捐纳的重要因素。捐纳对官员的晋升作用主要集中在政府对中层官员的选拔上,但要进入官僚等级的高层,官员的个人才能、家族的政治背景、政治上的裙带关系可能具有更为重要的作用。因此,文章为理解社会阶层的流动提供了一个新的视角,也为考试选拔制度和官僚体制的改革提供了历史经验和实证依据。Social mobility is an important factor affecting the changes in social structure and the direction of social changes,and is also the key link influencing political stability and economic development.In traditional society,imperial education and subscription system are the main ways to talent selection and upward class mobility.Based on the micro data of the occupation archives of officials in the late Qing Dynasty,this paper examines the relationship between imperial education and subscription system.It shows that imperial education and subscription system are not entirely excluded from each other as two approaches to official career;and they are intertwined to become an indispensable part of the official system of the Qing Dynasty.The difficulty in the entry to official career is an important factor when candidate officials with different education background take whether and how to donate into account.The role of subscription in official promotion focuses on the selection of the middle-level officials,but as for the entry to the top of the bureaucratic hierarchy,personal abilities of officials,family political background,and political nepotism may play a more important role.Therefore,this paper provides a new perspective for the understanding of the flow of social classes,and historical experience empirical evidence for the reform of the examination system and the bureaucratic system.

关 键 词：科举教育 捐官 官员晋升 社会流动 

分 类 号：F129[经济管理—世界经济]