辽西地区坡耕地垄膜沟种对土壤侵蚀和作物产量的影响  

Effect of Technique of Ridge Film Mulching and Furrow Seeding on Soil Erosion and Crop Yield on Sloping Farmland in Western Liaoning

作　　者：肖继兵[1] 孙占祥[2] 蒋春光[1] 郑家明[2] 刘洋[2] 杨宁[2] 冯良山[2] 白伟[2] 

机构地区：[1]辽宁省水土保持研究所,辽宁朝阳122000 [2]辽宁省农业科学院,沈阳110161

出　　处：《中国农业科学》2016年第20期3904-3917,共14页Scientia Agricultura Sinica

基　　金：十二五国家科技支撑计划(2012BAD09B02);国家公益性行业(农业)专项(201303125-01;201503119-06-02);国家"万人计划"青年拔尖人才项目

摘　　要：【目的】为了充分有效地利用辽西地区有限的自然降雨,减少坡耕地水土流失,提高水土资源利用率,促进作物稳产高产,在辽西地区坡耕地进行了不同耕种模式研究。【方法】2012—2015年在辽宁省农业科学院阜新旱农试验区进行,试验采用径流小区定位观测的方法,研究天然降雨条件下坡耕地不同耕种模式对土壤侵蚀、土壤水分和作物产量的影响。径流小区长15 m,宽4 m。试验为双因素裂区设计,主区为坡度,设5°和10°两个坡度,副区为种植模式,分设传统种植(CK,等高土沟土垄)、等高垄膜沟秸秆种植(T1)、等高垄膜沟种(T2)3种处理,3次重复。垄膜沟种沟宽60 cm,垄宽40 cm,垄高10—12 cm。供试作物为谷子和玉米,轮作种植。【结果】垄膜沟秸秆和垄膜沟种可有效减少和防止水土流失。4年间,5°坡对照总径流量为512.7m3·hm^(-2),总侵蚀量为4 561.3 kg·hm-2,T1处理和T2处理未发生土壤侵蚀;10°坡T1处理总径流量和总侵蚀量较10°坡对照分别减少81.71%和96.17%,T2处理较对照分别减少56.92%和95.15%,10°坡T1处理总径流量和总侵蚀量较T2处理分别减少57.54%和21.05%。垄膜沟秸秆和垄膜沟种较对照减少侵蚀量的同时可明显减少侵蚀泥沙中的养分流失量。随着坡度的增大,径流量和侵蚀量都随之增加,同时垄膜沟秸秆和垄膜沟种防蚀效果相对减弱。4年平均土壤水分,坡度间由5°坡到10°坡呈降低的趋势,但差异不显著;种植方式间垄膜沟秸秆和垄膜沟种与对照差异极显著,较对照分别高出1.68和1.45个百分点。对谷子而言,无论丰水年(2012年)或干旱年(2014年),垄膜沟秸秆和垄膜沟种较对照都表现出极显著的增墒效果;对玉米而言,平水年(2013年)垄膜沟秸秆和垄膜沟种较对照未表现出显著的增墒效果,干旱年(2015年)增墒效果极显著。4年平均产量,坡度间由5°坡到10°坡呈降低的趋势,但差异不显著。种植方式�[ Objective] In order to make full use of the limited natural rainfall, decrease soil loss from sloping farmland, protect water and soil resources of dry farming area and promote high and stable yield of crops, the study of different styles of farming is carried out on sloping farmland in Western Liaoning. [Method] Two factors split plot deslgn was used to examine the effects of different farming types on soil erosion, soil water and yield in sloping farmland and the study was carried out by runoff plots under natural rainfall from 2012 to 2015 in dry farming experimental area in Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences at Fuxin. The runoff plot was 15 m and 6 m in length and width and the area was 60 m^2. The main plot was a sloping land with slopes of 5°and 10° and split plot was crop planting patterns, the designed patterns were traditional cultivation（CK, contour ridge and furrow planting, ridge and furrow were uncovered）, ridge film mulching and furrow straw mulching（T1）, ridge film mulching and furrow seeding（furrow was uncovered, T2）. The study was repeated three times. Ridges and furrows of ridge film mulching and furrow seeding were in opposite arrangement, furrow width was 60 cm and ridge width was 40 cm, ridge height was 10-12 cm. The ridge was a rain collecting area. The furrow, which was planted with two lines of crop, was a planting area. The experimental crops were millet and maize and rotated.[ Result]The ridge film mulching and furrow straw mulching and ridge film mulching and furrow seeding could effectively reduce and prevent water and soil erosion. In four years, the total runoff and total erosion amount of the CK were 512.7 m^3·hm^2, 4 561.3 kg·hm^2 and T1, T2 did not occur soil erosion under five-degree slope. The total runoff and total erosion amount ofT1 were reduced by 81.71% and 96.17% and that ofT2 were reduced by 56.92% and 95.15% compared with the CK, and that of T1 were reduced by 57.54% and 21.05% compared with T2, T1 and T2 would reduce the amount of lost nutrients

关 键 词：辽西地区 坡耕地 垄膜沟种 土壤侵蚀 产量 

分 类 号：S157[农业科学—土壤学] S318[农业科学—农业基础科学]