制度、环境与劳动积极性:重新认识集体制时期的中国农民  

Institutions,Environments and Labor Initiative:A New Understanding of Chinese Peasants in the Period of Collectivization

作　　者：李怀印[1] 张向东[2] 刘家峰[3] 

机构地区：[1]美国德克萨斯大学奥斯汀分校历史系 [2]河南大学哲学与公共管理学院 [3]山东大学历史系

出　　处：《开放时代》2016年第6期179-197,共19页Open Times

摘　　要：关于集体制时期中国农业生产的低效率和农民劳动积极性的欠缺,近几十年来,无论在官方媒体的宣传还是中西方学界的解读中,皆已被广泛接受,视为当然。人们还把集体制农业的这些问题,归咎于劳动报酬中的平均主义政策和劳动监督管理上的各种困难。本文利用来自全国16个省的131份乡村史访谈,把农民的生产积极性问题放到集体化时期特定的历史和社会背景中重新加以考察,强调不同的正式制度(包括集体经济组织形式、收入分配制度、国家对农业资源的抽取过程)、非正式制度(包括村落内部的社会网络、行为规范、集体制裁、性别角色等)以及非制度因素(当地的地理环境、自然资源和人口压力)之间的相互作用,共同制约和激励村民在集体生产中的行为。此一制度环境的复杂多变,带来了农民行为模式的多样性,也解释了集体制下的农业生产在不同地方和不同时期所表现出来的巨大差异。Over the past decades,whether in the official media or in both Chinese and western academia,the low efficiency of Chinese agricultural production and the lack of working initiatives among the peasants in the period of collectivization have been widely accepted and taken for granted. People tend to ascribe these issues caused by collective farming to the policy of egalitarianism in remuneration and the various difficulties in labor supervision and management. Drawing on the 131 village interviews in 16 provinces across the country,this paper studies the issue of production initiative of the peasants by putting them back in the specific historical and social context of the collectivization period. The author argues that it is the interplay of the formal institutions(including the organization of the collective economy,the system of income distribution,and the extraction of agricultural resources by the state),the informal institutions(including the social network,code of conduct,collective punishment,gender role,etc. inside the village)and non- institutional factors(local geographic environment,natural resources,population pressure)that jointly constrain or motivate the villagers' behavior in collective production. The high variability of the institutional environments lead to the diversity of the peasants' modes of behavior. It also accounts for the tremendous differences of agricultural production under the collective system in different places and at different times.

关 键 词：生产积极性 集体制 生产队制度环境 毛泽东时代 

分 类 号：F329[经济管理—产业经济]