日常生活的城市:知识与权力以及再现的问题  

City of Everyday Life：Knowledge/Power and the Problem of Repnsentation

作　　者：约翰·弗里德曼[1] 冯革群[2] 顾朝林[3] 

机构地区：[1]英属哥伦比亚大学 [2]宁波大学建筑工程与环境学院 [3]清华大学建筑学院

出　　处：《城市与区域规划研究》2016年第2期161-173,共13页Journal of Urban and Regional Planning

摘　　要：本文认为，针对城市中的微小空间，至关重要的概念是日常生活行为、社会再生产以及社会意义的建构。只有建成环境与社会生活节奏相合拍，才能生发出丰富的意义。从城市居民的视角来看，城市是密集的、复杂的，并由各种矛盾织成具有丰富意义的网络。虽然这些矛盾难解难分，但它们却构成城市美好生活的基础（对普通市民来说，城市是生活的家园和场所，需要的是日常生活的细枝末节、个体生活的基本需求和社会交往以及个人情感、灵魂寄托之处；对开发商来说，城市是寻找商机和利润的机会空间；对政客来说，城市则是权力博弈和交易、是高大上和吸引眼球的大手笔工程项目的实施工地；对于野心家来说，是实现个人雄心抱负和大展宏图并成就伟业的舞台世界——译者注）。遗憾的是，很难将这些意义用战略决策的方式清晰呈现出来，并给人以充分的说服力。因此，当官方规划师和私人投资商们试图通过总体规划和大手笔工程项目改造或重塑城市的形态时，这些意义大多无法体现出来。鉴于这些意义难以表达的原因，城市快速的发展景观目前还是由宏观和中观尺度层面规划主宰。但这却常常导致城市生活空间的异化、更大的杂乱无章、个体生活的迷茫、社会意义的缺失以及社区纽带的撕裂，从而进一步导致地方居民无力对抗蔓延扩散而意气消沉。随之而来的是，许多无权无势的年轻人开始沉迷于毒品、犯罪与暴力等堕落和反城市活动，而他们的生活空间则成了政府和开发商眼中的遗弃社会环境。不管是发达国家还是发展中国家，在今后的几十年，这一问题将日益严峻。其解决之道，首先是城市规划师对小空间尺度日常生活行为的认可和重视。规划过程的至始至终，都必须与相关群体保持开诚布公的协商和沟通。�My argument in this paper is of crucial importance for the micro-spaces of the city, for the conduct of everyday life, social reproduction, and the construction of social meaniugs. Meanings are created wher- ever the built environment and the rhythms of social life eoindd~ In the perspective of its inhabitants, then, the dty may be thought of as a dense, complex, and often contradictory web of meanings that, how- ever difficult to disentangle, are yet essential to the good life Unfortunately, these meanings are difficult to represent persuasively at the points of strategic deci- sions. And so they remain largely nvisibl.e to the planners of state and private capital as they endeavor to shape （and reshape） the city through comprehensive plans and large- scale projects. Given this lack of representa- tion, dynamic change occasioned by planned interventions that are conceived at macro-and meso-scales frequently leads to the alienation of the dty＇s lived spaces, causing widespread anomie, destroying individual as well as social meanings as well as community bonds, and deepening an already pervasive sense of powerlessness on the part of local inhabit- ants. Over time, the anti-city of chnls, crime, and violence becomes a preferred way of life particularly for many of the young peo- ple of disempowered groupa whose life spaces are repeatedly targeted to absorb unwanted environmental, social, and aesthetic impacts from projects stxmsored by the partnership of state and private capital. The answer to this problem, which will grow in severity during the coming dec- ades in both the economically developed and less developed countries, must begin with an acknowledgment on the part of city plan- ners of the importance of small urban spaces for the conduct of everyday life. Concerned populations must be brought into all phases of a planning process that is open to serious negotiation from the beginning. Even so, given the relative powerlessness of ordinary citizens, direct action by mobilized sectors of civil society,

关 键 词：日常生活 城市地标 社会意义 再现表达 节奏分析 

分 类 号：C912.81[经济管理]