黄土高原土壤特性及对河道泥沙特性的影响  

Effects of soil property of Loess Plateau on sediment characteristics in the Yellow River

作　　者：田世民[1,2] 王兆印[3] 李志威[4] 李艳富[5] 

机构地区：[1]黄河水利科学研究院水利部泥沙重点实验室,河南郑州450003 [2]中国水利水电科学研究院,北京100048 [3]清华大学水沙科学与水利水电工程国家重点实验室,北京100084 [4]长沙理工大学水沙科学与水灾害防治湖南省重点实验室,湖南长沙410114 [5]南京水利科学研究院,江苏南京210029

出　　处：《泥沙研究》2016年第5期74-80,共7页Journal of Sediment Research

基　　金：国家自然科学基金项目(51409114);国家自然科学基金项目(51309154);水利部公益性行业专项项目(201401084)

摘　　要：黄土高原地区是黄河泥沙的主要来源区,黄土的特性也直接影响黄河泥沙的特性。2005年至2012年,共采集表底层黄土样本18个和河道泥沙样本28个,采样区域涵盖了黄土高原北部、中部和南部地区以及黄河中下游干支流河道。样本分析表明,底层黄土自北向南中值粒径逐渐变小、黏土含量逐渐增加,反映了黄土的原始沉积特征。表层黄土反映了风化和侵蚀的综合作用,其黏性矿物含量普遍高于底层原状黄土。在受侵蚀作用较大的地区,由于表层细颗粒的流失,导致中值粒径略大于底层黄土。受黄土分布特性的影响,黄河中游支流自北向南挟带泥沙的中值粒径也呈减小趋势。距离河口越远,黄河干流泥沙的中值粒径越大,反映了泥沙的沿程分选沉积特性。河道泥沙中值粒径和黏性矿物含量之间存在良好的对数关系,可以通过此关系式在测得中值粒径的情况下估算其黏性和非黏性矿物含量。Loess Plateau is the main sediment source region of Yellow River due to serious erosion. Features of river sediment are closely related with the loess,either in physical properties or in chemical properties. Sediment and loess samplings were carried out in the northern,middle,and southern Loess Plateau and the trunk and tributaries of the middle and lower Yellow River,including 18 loess samples and 28 river sediment samples during 2005-2012. Sediment size distribution and mineral composition were analyzed. The bottom loess reflects the original sedimentary features of Loess Plateau and the median particle size becomes smaller and clay content increases from north to south region. The surface soil has suffered weathering under the action of wind and precipitation and the content of clay particle in the surface loess is higher than that in the undisturbed bottom loess. Meantime,precipitation and surface runoff had caused the erosion of the surface soil,and the fine particles most of which are clay particles are washed away. The median diameter in surface soil is a little larger than the bottom loess where the erosion is dominant. Affected by the spatial distribution of the loess,the sediment size in the tributaries in the middle Yellow River also shows a decreasing trend from north to south. In the Yellow River basin,the farther away from the estuary,the coarser the particle size,which reflects the sorting deposition in the river channel. There is a good relationship between the river sediment size and the clay mineral content,by which the clay and non-clay mineral compositions can be calculated.

关 键 词：黄土高原 黄土 河道泥沙 矿物成分 粒径分布 黏土矿物 

分 类 号：TV141[水利工程—水力学及河流动力学]