油藏微生物及其压力适应机制  

Microbial community in petroleum reservoir and its pressure adaptation mechanisms

作　　者：王璐[1,2] 聂勇[3] 宋新民[1] 吴朝东[4] 魏小芳[1] 吴晓磊[3] 

机构地区：[1]中国石油勘探开发研究院提高石油采收率国家重点实验室,北京100083 [2]北京大学地球与空间科学学院,北京100871 [3]北京大学工学院,北京100871 [4]北京大学石油与天然气中心,北京100871

出　　处：《微生物学通报》2016年第11期2495-2505,共11页Microbiology China

基　　金：中国石油天然气股份有限公司科学研究与技术开发项目(No.2014A-1006)~~

摘　　要：目前我国油田开发主要处于高含水后期,微生物驱提高石油采收率技术(MEOR)以低成本、环境友好等独特的优势引起了石油工业界的重视。实际上,经过半个多世纪的发展,MEOR已经成为提高采收率的重要前沿技术。高压是油藏的主要环境特征,在影响油藏微生物生存与活性等方面具有重要作用。本文从油藏及其微生物的主要特征、微生物对高压环境的适应机制以及高压下微生物降解烃的代谢特征等方面进行了综述。介绍了对油藏微生物资源、群落结构、微生物在油水相中分布的认识,微生物乳化原油机制,以及微生物在油藏厌氧环境中协同代谢、受温度和压力影响的特点,并列举了MEOR的矿场应用。在高压适应机制上,微生物主要通过改变和调整细胞膜结构、增加胞内脂质组分和表达胞内特殊酶等作用来实现对压力的适应;在高压下烃降解微生物代谢速率低于常压,而且耐压菌和嗜压菌具有不同的烃降解效率。Nowadays, most of Chinese oil reservoirs are at the high-moisture later stage. In this case, microbial enhanced oil recovery（MEOR） technology attracts more and more attention in oil industry by its special advantages such as low cost and environmental friendliness. Until now, MEOR has been developed as one of the most affective techniques for petroleum exploitation. High pressure is an important abiotic feature of oil reservoirs which makes an influence on survival and activity of microorganisms in oil reservoirs. In this paper, we reviewed the main features of oil reservoir and its microbial community, the pressure adaptation mechanisms of microorganisms, and the metabolic characteristics of hydrocarbon-degrading microorganisms under high pressure. In details, we introduced the microorganisms resources in oil reservoirs, microbial community structure both in oil and water phases, how microorganisms emulsified petroleum, microbial cooperation patterns in anaerobic environment, microbial community structure was affected by temperature and pressure, as well as a successive of MEOR examples. Further on, detailed discussions were given about the pressure adaptation mechanisms of microorganisms in oil reservoirs, in which cells may modify cell membrane structure, storage lipid composition, and special intracellular enzymes expression to adapt well in the high-pressure environment. Finally, special attention was paid to hydrocarbon-degrading microorganisms grown at high pressure. Our review provides that the metabolic rates of microorganisms were lower at high pressure than that at atmospheric pressure, and piezotolerant and piezophilic microorganisms have significantly different hydrocarbon-degrading rates.

关 键 词：MEOR 油藏微生物 压力适应机制 

分 类 号：TE357.9[石油与天然气工程—油气田开发工程]