地膜覆盖与常规灌溉对冬小麦耗水特征和产量的影响  

Effects of plastic film mulching and conventional irrigation on water consumption characteristics and yield of winter wheat

作　　者：宋文品 黄菁[2] 陈晓丽 王利春 孙维拓 王志敏[2] 薛绪掌 郭文忠 李友丽 陈菲 

机构地区：[1]国家农业智能装备工程技术研究中心,北京100097 [2]中国农业大学农学院,北京100193

出　　处：《中国生态农业学报》2016年第11期1445-1455,共11页Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture

基　　金：国家自然科学基金项目(31171489);国家重点基础研究发展计划(973计划)项目(2012CB955904);农业部公益性行业专项(200903007);国家小麦产业技术体系(CARS-3)资助

摘　　要：为了进一步明确地膜覆盖的农业生产潜力,本研究在北京市昌平区小汤山镇国家精准农业示范基地（40°10′33.26″N,116°23′37.07″E）设计4个试验处理[T1：地膜覆盖（在传统地膜覆盖的基础上膜上覆盖1 cm土层）＋不灌水;T2：无地膜＋冻水;T3：无地膜＋冻水＋拔节水;T4：无地膜＋冻水＋拔节水＋开花水],利用称重式蒸渗仪研究该种地膜覆盖下的冬小麦耗水特征和产量形成机制。结果表明,4种处理的累计蒸散量随着播种天数而呈现三次多项式动态方程,且4种处理的绝对系数R2〉0.99,拟合性较高。T1、T4的土壤？作物系数（Kc）最大理论值与实际最大值均出现在抽穗期,而T2、T3出现在拔节期,且4种处理的Kc随播种天数呈二次方程,绝对系数R2〉0.70（T2为0.69）。从阶段耗水量看,播种—拔节期,T1显著低于T2（T3/T4）;拔节—成熟期,T1与T2差异不显著,但均显著低于T3和T4处理（P〈0.05）;在孕穗—开花和开花—成熟期,T1比T2分别增加了3.10 mm和21.43 mm的耗水量（P〉0.05）;生长后期,增加了对50~100 cm土层的水分消耗。从蒸散速率及Kc看,T1的蒸散高峰值高于T2,但低于T3和T4;T1的冬后蒸散高峰最大值出现时间（播后215 d）晚于T2、T3和T4（播后194 d）;T1的Kc最大值出现时间与T4相同（播后214 d）,但晚于T2、T3（分别为播后200 d、199 d）。与T2、T3相比,T1增加了旗叶叶片水势,延缓了叶片衰老,而且土壤表层（0~5 cm）的温度增加了0.5℃,但增加不显著,这利于降低棵间的土壤蒸发。从产量与产量构成及水分利用效率看,T1的穗粒数和千粒重高于T2和T3,低于T4,但差异不显著;T1产量与T2和T3差异不明显,但显著低于T4,水分利用效率显著提高了22.6%（P〈0.05）。上述结果表明,在底墒水充足的条件下,地膜覆盖可代替冻水、拔节水的作用,通过减少前期土壤蒸发,为冬小麦生长后期节省大量水分,在保证产�Plastic mulching technology is widely used for agricultural production to limit crop evapotranspiration. In order to clarify the potential of plastic mulching on agricultural productivity and to explore the effect of maximum water-saving on the growth and yield of winter wheat in arid/semi-arid regions, a field experiment was conducted at the National Experiment Station of Precision Agriculture in Changping, Beijing（N40°10′33.26″, E116°23′37.07″）. The experiment consisted of four treatments — T1（plastic film mulching with no irrigation）, T2（wintering watering with no film mulching）, T3（wintering and jointing watering with no film mulching）, and T4（wintering, jointing and flowering watering with no film mulching）. Compared with conventional film mulching, T1 treatment was covered with 1 cm soil layer over plastic film surface. Water consumption characteristics and yield were determined using the weighting lysimeter over the whole growth stage and sampling method. Also concurrently, the 200 cm depth soil moisture content was measured（using Diviner 2000） every day for the period from April to May. The results showed that T1 efficiently utilized soil moisture. There was a cubic function between cumulative evapotranspiration and the number of days after sowing for the four treatments, with determination correlation coefficient R2 0.99. The heading stage had the maximum theoretical and actual values of soil-crop coefficient（Kc） under T1 and T4. For T2 and T3, Kc had a quadratic function with the number of days after sowing during jointing stage, with a determination correlation coefficient R2 0.70（that for T2 was 0.69）. Water consumption was significantly lower under T1 than under others treatments during sowing？jointing period. However, during jointing？maturity period, T1 and T2 were not statistically different in terms of water consumption, but had lower value than T3 and T4（P 0.05）. During booting？flowering period and flowering？maturity period, water consumptio

关 键 词：地膜覆盖 灌溉 小麦 耗水特征 土壤-作物系数 产量 

分 类 号：S512.11[农业科学—作物学]