祥云坝区冬季访花昆虫调查及生态位分析  

An investigation of pollinators and niche analysis in Xiangyun Basin during winter

作　　者：胡宗文 张学文 杨娟 王艳辉 黄新球 荀利杰 苗春辉 

机构地区：[1]云南省农业科学研究院蚕桑蜜蜂研究所,云南草坝661101

出　　处：《生态学杂志》2016年第12期3353-3359,共7页Chinese Journal of Ecology

基　　金：国家自然科学基金项目(31560676)资助

摘　　要：为了揭示祥云坝区冬季的访花昆虫种类及生态位,于2015年12月—2016年1月进行野外观察访问显花植物油菜、芥蓝、蚕豆的昆虫。每隔一周记录一天中间隔30 min内的访花昆虫种类、头数、访问次数以及停留时间,利用生态位宽度、生态位重叠方法对该坝区访花昆虫的组成及生态位特征进行了研究。结果表明:在冬季该坝区访花昆虫分为膜翅目和双翅目两大类,中蜂、意蜂、家蝇、长尾管蚜蝇是优势授粉者;一天中昆虫的访问高峰期存在差异,在11:00—15:30内访花昆虫种类繁多;不同昆虫的停留时间存在差异(F2,862=13.43,P<0.01),家蝇最长(32.81±2.56 s),意蜂最短(9.91±0.40 s),昆虫停留在油菜上最长(16.50±0.82 s),蚕豆最短(10.31±1.14 s);冬季访花昆虫的生态位宽度也不一样,意蜂最高(Bi=0.8345,Ba=0.3074);种内的生态位重叠值大而种间较小,即中蜂与意蜂重叠值为0.8451,中蜂与家蝇为0.0928。上述结果表明,访花昆虫高峰期出现时间段不同能够减少对冬季有限食物资源取食的竞争。蜂类因在授粉上有较高的生态位宽度而成为当地植物授粉的优势昆虫,但在生态位上有较高的重叠表明蜂类之间又存在较大的竞争压力,这在一定程度上也解释了近年来在引入外来西方蜜蜂后中国蜜蜂土著种逐渐减少的现象。In order to clarify the species and ecological niche of flower-visiting insects in Xiang- yun Basin in winter, we investigated the pollinators who visited oilseed rape （Brassica chinen- s/s） , cabbage mustard （Brassica alboglabra） , and broad bean （ Vicia faba） on the field during December 2015 to January 2016. We recorded pollinator species, headage, visiting frequency and settling time at intervals of 30 min in one day per week, and analyzed the pollinator composi- tion and niche characteristics （niche breadth and niche overlap）. The results showed that the pollinators were mainly from Hymenoptera and Diptera, and honeybees （ including Apis mellifera and Apis cerana） and flies （Musca domestica and Eristalis tenax） were the dominant species. The peak visiting time had interspecific difference, and most species visited flowers during 11：00- 15：30 on the day. The pollinators also made interspecifie difference in settling time （F2.862 = 13.43, P〈0.01）, with the longest for M. domestica （32.80±2.56 s）, and the shortest for A. mel- lifera （9.91±0.40 s）. The pollinators had the maximum visiting time on oilseed rape （16.50± 0.82 s）, and the minimum on broad bean （10.31±1.14 s）. There was a difference in niche breadth among pollinators, with the greatest for A. mellifera （ Levins＇ niche （ Bi ） = 0.8345, Hurlbert＇ s niche （Ba）= 0,3074）. Moreover, niche overlap was higher in intraspecies but smal- ler in interspecies, being 0.8451 between A. cerana and A. meUifera, and 0.0928 between A. cer- ana and M. domestica. We conclude that the different peak visiting time of pollinators can decrease the competition of collecting limited food resource in winter. The honeybees have higherniche breadth on pollination and thus are the dominant pollinators; however, the niche overlaps are higher in the intraspecies, which makes a stronger competition pressure. Higher niche over- laps between honeybees may explain the disappearance phenomenon of native bee A. cerana af

关 键 词：冬季 祥云坝区 访花昆虫 生态位 

分 类 号：Q968[生物学—昆虫学]