官退商进:明代盐场灶丁工本供给的嬗变  

Government Withdrawing and Merchants Entering:Evolution of the Cost Supply System of Salt-Makers in Ming Dynasty

作　　者：吕小琴[1] 

机构地区：[1]河南师范大学历史文化学院,河南新乡453007

出　　处：《深圳大学学报（人文社会科学版）》2016年第6期137-142,共6页Journal of Shenzhen University：Humanities & Social Sciences

基　　金：国家社会科学基金项目"中国近代盐业国家治理体系研究"(15BJL026);河南省教育厅人文社会科学研究重点项目"中国近代行业性腐败与治理研究--以盐业为例"(2014-zd-024);河南师范大学青年基金项目"明代两淮盐场社会问题及其应对研究"(2013qk29)

摘　　要：明初,朝廷实行官给盐场灶丁工本制,后该制度遭遇困境,名存实亡,商给盐场灶丁工本制代之而起。商给盐场灶丁工本制经历了明中叶的长期探索,最终于万历四十五年确立,此后,"官退商进"成为明代盐场社会管理的突出特征。但无论官给还是商给,明廷各项举措都因无法摆脱灶丁工本供给的财政困境而宣告失败,而其盐业管理也在此过程中不断陷入顾此失彼、左支右绌的窘境,这彰显了明廷盐业管理体制的僵化。In early Ming Dynasty, the royal government paid wages to salt-makers. As the system was nearly dead later, salt merchants stepped in to cover the cost. After long-time exploration in mid-Ming Dynasty, in the 45th year of Wanli period, it was finally established that salt merchants should pay wages to salt-makers. Thereafter,“government withdrawing and merchants entering” became a distinctive feature of salt field management in Ming Dynasty. However, whether wages of salt-makers were paid by the royal government or salt merchants, various measures taken by the royal government of Ming Dynasty all failed due to the heavy financial burden of the wages, and in this process the salt field management was also constantly trapped in dilemmas, which reveals the inflexibility in salt industry management in the royal government of Ming Dynasty.

关 键 词：明代 灶丁工本供给 盐业管理体制 

分 类 号：K248[历史地理—历史学]