不同覆盖方式对土壤水热与夏玉米生长的影响  

Effects of Different Mulching Patterns on Soil Moisture,Soil Temperature and Summer Maize Growth

作　　者：冯浩[1,2] 刘匣 余坤[1,3] 丁奠元[1,3] 张浩杰[1,3] 褚晓升 

机构地区：[1]西北农林科技大学中国旱区节水农业研究院,陕西杨凌712100 [2]中国科学院水利部水土保持研究所,陕西杨凌712100 [3]西北农林科技大学水利与建筑工程学院,陕西杨凌712100

出　　处：《农业机械学报》2016年第12期192-202,共11页Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery

基　　金：国家高技术研究发展计划(863计划)项目(2013AA102904);高等学校学科创新引智计划(111计划)项目(B12007)

摘　　要：为探求西北半湿润地区不同覆盖方式对农田土壤水热和作物生长的定量影响，试验对比研究了平作不覆盖（CK）、秸秆覆盖平作种植（SM）、地膜覆盖平作种植（PM）和垄覆地膜沟覆秸秆（SPM）4种覆盖方式对夏玉米土壤水分、温度、作物生长、产量和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明：覆盖处理在各生育期内0~260cm土壤贮水量都显著高于对照（P＜0.05），夏玉米生育期0~30cm土层内平均温度表现为：PM＞SPM＞CK＞SM（其中15cm时土壤温度CK＞SPM），垄覆地膜沟覆秸秆能够有效地聚集降雨。夏玉米地上部生物量随生育进程的动态变化符合Logistic生长模型，SPM处理地上部生物量理论值最大，快速累积期提前，最快累积速率较大，持续时间较长。SM、PM和SPM处理2年夏玉米产量平均值分别较CK处理提高15.4%、23.3%和28.4%（P＜0.05）。水分利用效率分别较CK处理提高10.2%、31.2%和28.0%（P＜0.05），各覆盖处理间差异不显著。综合分析，垄覆地膜沟覆秸秆可明显改善农田土壤水热状况，增加干物质积累量，提高夏玉米产量和水分利用效率，是该研究中最适合本地的覆盖栽培方式。The influence of different field mulching treatments on soil water content, soil temperature, crop growth, final yield and water use efficiency was studied during the summer maize growing season in the semi-humid region of Northwest China. The mulching treatments included the flat plot with straw mulching （SM）, flat plot with plastic film mulching （PM）, ridge-furrow planting with film mulching over ridge and wheat straw mulching over furrow （SPM）, and flat plot without mulching （control treatment, CK）. The results showed that water content of mulching treatments in soil layer of 0~260cm depth was significantly larger than that of CK during maize growing period （P〈0.05）. The average soil temperature in the soil layer of 0~30cm depth showed a decreasing trend of PM, SPM, CK and SM, and the average soil temperature of CK was larger than that of SPM when the soil layer was 0~15cm depth. The development of maize aboveground biomass can match well with the logistic curve. Moreover, the average yields of SM, PM and SPM in the two-year experiment were increased by 15.4%, 23.3% and 28.4% compared with that of CK, respectively （P〈0.05）. The water use efficiencies of SM, PM and SPM were increased by 10.2%, 31.2% and 28.0% compared with that of CK, respectively （P〈0.05）. By comparison, the SPM can collect rainwater more effectively than other treatments and had the largest aboveground biomass in theory. In the treatment of SPM, the rapid dry matter accumulation period was earlier, and the cumulative rate was the fastest with a longer accumulation period, which meant that the SPM can significantly improve the soil water-heat conditions, increase the accumulation amount of crop dry matter, promote crop growth and improve water use efficiency. Therefore, the SPM was the better choice for local farmers in the semi-humid region of Northwest China.

关 键 词：夏玉米 覆盖 土壤水分 温度 产量 水分利用效率 

分 类 号：S513[农业科学—作物学]