民事责任体系与无过错补偿计划的互动 以我国疫苗接种损害救济体系建设为中心  

Interaction Between the Civil Liability System and the No-Fault Compensation Scheme an Analysis Centered on the Construction of the Remedy System for Harms Caused by Vaccination in China

作　　者：冯珏[1] 

机构地区：[1]中国社会科学院法学研究所

出　　处：《中外法学》2016年第6期1443-1479,共37页Peking University Law Journal

摘　　要：在疫苗接种损害救济方面,我国目前并存着民事责任与预防接种异常反应无过错补偿计划两个体系。从构成要件层面来看,该双重体系的主要问题是过错、因果关系等核心概念在两个体系下含义并不完全一致,可能导致救济漏洞的存在。从实践运行角度来看,民事责任体系对于行政管理机制表现出了极大的尊重和倚仗,而无过错补偿计划未充分考虑到与民事责任体系的衔接,导致其救济功能发挥不充分,同时两个体系均面临着疫苗接种损害中因果关系难以确定的困境。实证研究表明,无过错补偿计划对于民事责任的替代作用有限。为实现疫苗损害救济双重体系的良性互动,充分救济因公共卫生事业接种疫苗的受害者,应依"追偿机制"构建无过错补偿计划与民事责任体系的衔接关系,在一定范围内实行因果关系推定技术,并重构补偿经费的来源。就民事责任体系而言,应随着科学技术和社会经济的发展,对于具体个案中的疫苗产品缺陷和接种过失作出具体认定,在充分尊重管制规范的同时,不断调整和形塑良好的行为标准和社会秩序。Currently there are two parallel systems of remedy for the harms caused by vaccination, i. e., the civil liability system and the no- fault compensation scheme for adverse events following immunization （AEFI）. At the level of constitutive elements, the main problem with this dual system is that the meanings of such core concepts as fault and causality are not exactly the same in the two systems, which may result in loopholes in remedy. From the perspective of practical operation, the civil liability system shows great respect for and heavy reliance on the administrative mechanism while the no- fault compensation scheme fails to take into full consideration about its linkage with the civil liability system, thus resulting in inadequate performance of its remedial function. Meanwhile, both systems are faced with difficulties in the determination of causality in cases of AEFI. Empirical studies show that the role played by the no- fault compensation scheme in substituting the civil liability system in AEFI cases is very limited. In order to realize the positive interaction between the two systems and provide adequateremedies to victims of AEFI, it is necessary to establish the linkage between the no-fault compensation scheme and the civil liability system in accordance with the compensation claim mechanism, apply the technique of presumption of causation within a certain scope, and reconstruct the sources of compensation funds. As far as the civil liability system is concerned, China should make specific determinations on defects in vaccine products or negligence in inoculation in each individual case and continuously shape and adjust standard of conduct and social order along with scientific and technological advancements and economic and social developments.

关 键 词：疫苗 预防接种 异常反应 医疗损害责任 补偿 

分 类 号：D923[政治法律—民商法学] D922.16[政治法律—法学]