京郊设施黄瓜氮素施用量的优化运筹研究  

Nitrogen fertilizer optimization strategy for greenhouse cucumber production in Beijing suburbs

作　　者：董畔 张成军[2] 彭正萍[1] 王男男[1,2] 赵同科[2] 

机构地区：[1]河北农业大学资源与环境科学学院,河北保定071000 [2]北京市农林科学院植物营养与资源研究所,北京100097

出　　处：《植物营养与肥料学报》2016年第6期1628-1635,共8页Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers

基　　金：农业部农业生态环境保护项目(2015年度);国际植物营养研究所IPNI中国项目(2015年度)资助

摘　　要：【目的】京郊设施蔬菜黄瓜普遍存在氮素施用量高,利用效率较低,土壤残留多,黄瓜果实硝酸盐含量较高等问题。研究产量高、品质优且土壤氮素残留水平合理的氮肥施用量,可为优化施肥、提高生产和环境效益提供科学依据。【方法】采用设施蔬菜田间小区试验法,以金胚98黄瓜为试材,在施用商品有机肥15 t/hm^2的条件下,设置5个不同施氮水平,分别为0、120、240、360、480 kg/hm^2,调查了黄瓜产量、品质、氮素残留、经济效益,分析不同施氮条件下土壤的氮素平衡。【结果】与不施氮处理相比,氮素增加后各处理黄瓜产量显著提高,并随施氮量的增加呈先增加后降低趋势,当施氮量为360 kg/hm^2时,产量最高;氮素残留量随施氮量的增加呈上升趋势;黄瓜硝酸盐含量随施氮量的增加而增加,并在施氮量480 kg/hm^2时,黄瓜硝酸盐含量超标;可溶性糖含量随着施氮量的增加呈先增加后降低的趋势,在施氮量为360 kg/hm^2时,可溶性糖含量最高;黄瓜氮素含量随着施氮量的增加都有所增加,施N 240、360、480 kg/hm^2处理较不施氮处理差异显著(P<0.05),在N 480 kg/hm^2处理下氮素含量较N 360 kg/hm^2处理有所降低;氮肥的施入对磷、钾含量无显著影响(P>0.05);不同施氮情况下氮素利用率在4.9%~24.9%之间,氮素残留率在24.5%~58.0%之间,当施氮量为240kg/hm^2时氮素利用率最高,残留率最低;随着施氮量的增加,氮的表观损失量增加,但当施氮量为360 kg/hm^2时,氮的表观损失量较施氮量为240 kg/hm^2有略微减少。【结论】综合考虑土壤环境和产量之间的关系,在温室土壤无机氮含量为35.2 mg/kg和基施商品有机肥15 t/hm^2的试验条件下推荐341.7 kg/hm^2为最佳施氮量,可获得最高产量78.4 t/hm^2;当施氮量为329.6 kg/hm^2时,是获取最佳经济效益的推荐施氮量。【Objectives】Excessive fertilization, lower nitrogen use efficiency, high nitrogen residual and higher nitrate content are common in facility vegetables cucumber in Beijing suburbs. The objective of this study was to research the reasonable nitrogen application rate for higher yield, better quality of vegetable, lower residual nitrogen in soil and much better environmental benefits.【Methods】Field plot trail was adopted in this experiment and cucumber cultivar Jinpei 98 was used as test material. Five different N levels were set up： 0, 120,240, 360, 480 kg/hm^2. The cucumber yield, quality, nitrogen residue, economic benefits and the nitrogen balance under different N applications were investigated.【Results】Compared with no N application treatment, the cucumber yield in all the other treatments were significantly improved with the highest yield at N rate of 360kg/hm^2. The nitrogen residual amount was increased with the increasing of nitrogen application rate. The nitrate contents in cucumber were also increased, and exceeded the nitrate critical level at N rate of 480 kg/hm^2. Thecontent of soluble sugar increased first and then decreased with the increasing of N application rate and the content of soluble sugar was the highest at 360 kg/hm^2. The nitrogen content of cucumber increased with the increasing of N application. Compared with no N treatment, the nitrogen content of cucumber in treatments with N 240, 360 and 480 kg/hm^2 was significantly increased（P〈0.05）, but the nitrogen content of treatment with N480 kg/hm^2 was lower than the treatment with N 360 kg/hm^2. The application of nitrogen fertilizer had no significant effect on phosphorus, potassium content（P〈0.05）. Under different nitrogen application conditions,the nitrogen utilization efficiency was between 4.9%–24.9% and the nitrogen retention rate was between24.5%–58.0%. Nitrogen utilization efficiency was the highest, residual rate was the lowest when the nitrogen application rate was 240 kg/hm^2. The loss of nitrogen wa

关 键 词：温室黄瓜 氮肥水平 产量 品质 纯收益 

分 类 号：S626[农业科学—园艺学] S642.2