轮椅竞速项目发展脉络及项目特征  

Historical Review of Wheelchair Racing and Its' Sport Characteristics

作　　者：章凌凌[1,2] 吴雪萍[2,3] 黎涌明[2,3] ZHANG Ling-ling WU Xue-ping LI Yong-ming(Shanghai University of Finance and Economics, Shanghai 200433, China Changhai University of Sports, Shanghai 200438,China Shanghai Key Lab of Human Performance,Shanghai 200438,China)

机构地区：[1]上海财经大学体育教学部,上海200433 [2]上海体育学院体育教育训练学院,上海200438 [3]上海市人类运动能力开发与保障重点实验室,上海200438

出　　处：《体育科学》2016年第12期40-47,共8页China Sport Science

基　　金：国家自然科学基金项目(31500963);上海市科学技术委员会科研计划项目(14490503600);上海市体育科技"综合计划"项目(16Z003)

摘　　要：轮椅竞速运动自1948年出现至今经历了68年发展历程,在残奥会中逐渐发展为7个医学功能分级和36个小项。通过综述国内、外有关轮椅竞速的研究文献,对轮椅竞速项目的相关特征进行总结和分析。轮椅竞速是一项以上肢发力为主的运动项目,运动过程中运动员的心率、血乳酸、最大耗氧量等生理指标由于残疾程度不同而具有较大差异。运动员运动水平的提高受轮椅推进经济性、推进效率和推进技术相互作用的影响,而轮椅器材的改进对运动员成绩的提高具有重要作用。轮椅竞速是我国残奥会的重点夺金项目,但我国对轮椅竞速项目的科学研究相对滞后。因此,未来有必要建立符合这一特殊群体生理学规律的选材、训练和监控指标体系。注重对轮椅器材的研发和推进技术的改进,并加强对轮椅项目训练规律的研究,将有助于我国轮椅竞速项目竞技水平的提升。The development history of wheelchair racing has been 68 years since 1948, there are 7 medical function classification and 36 competition events in the sport in Para-Olympic Games. Based on domestic and international research papers on wheelchair racing, we summarized the sport characteristics of wheelchair racing. Wheelchair Racing normally involves upper limb, racers＇ heart rate, blood lactate and VO2 max have great differences due to different degree of disability during the exercise. The improvement of performance influenced by the interaction of pushing economy, efficiency and propulsion technology, and the improvement of wheelchair plays an important role in the promotion of the athletes＇ performance. Wheelchair Racing is the key project of China in Para-Olympic Games, but in China the scientific research on this sport is relatively backward. Therefore, it is necessary to establish selection, training and monitoring index systems in line with the physiological law of this group in the future. To emphasize wheelchair equipment research and improve propulsion techniques, as well as to highlight the study on the training laws, will promote the competitive level of China＇s wheelchair racing.

关 键 词：轮椅竞速 发展脉络 生理学 生物力学 训练学 特征 

分 类 号：G808[文化科学—体育训练]