植物种子发育的分子机理  

Molecular Mechanism of Seed Development in Plants

作　　者：刘春明[1] 程佑发[1] 刘永秀[1] 孙蒙祥[2] 薛红卫[3] Liu Chunming Cheng Youfa Liu Yongxiu Sun Mengxiang Xue Hongwei(Seed Biology Center, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093 College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072 Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032)

机构地区：[1]中国科学院植物研究所种子生物学交叉中心,北京100093 [2]武汉大学生命科学学院,武汉430072 [3]中国科学院上海植物生理生态研究所,上海200032

出　　处：《中国基础科学》2016年第2期1-13,共13页China Basic Science

基　　金：国家重大科学研究计划(2014CB943400;2012CB944800;2013CB126900)

摘　　要：种子作为高等植物有性生殖的产物,不仅是植物繁育的最主要形式,也是人类赖以生存的粮食的最主要来源。在被子植物的有性生殖过程中,来自花粉的两个精子分别与胚囊中的卵细胞和中央细胞融合形成合子和初生胚乳核。前者经过细胞分裂、分化、器官发生和休眠建立等过程形成胚胎;后者经过游离核分裂、细胞化等过程形成胚乳。一个完整的胚胎具有子叶、胚轴、茎尖和根尖分生组织等结构。在种子发育和萌发过程中,胚乳为胚胎提供营养。胚胎和胚乳均可作为植物的营养累积器官,在发育后期累积淀粉、脂肪酸或/和蛋白质等。毫无疑问,受精后的胚胎与胚乳发育不仅是高等植物生活周期的一个重要环节,也是作物产量和品质决定的最关键时期。这一过程所涉及的细胞分裂、细胞分化、器官发生和胞间通信等过程的调控机制是生命科学领域的重大科学问题,也是发育生物学研究的核心命题。相关研究不仅为揭示种子形成的调控机理提供重要线索,也将为农作物的产量和品质提高提供新的技术手段。本文将重点阐述种子研究的重要性、国内外相关研究进展和未来发展前景。Seed is not only the most important form of propa-gation in flowering plants, but also the most important food resource for human. During the process of sexual reproduction , two sperms carried by the pollen grain are fused with egg and central cells to produce a zygote and a central nucleus, the former gives rise to an embryo through cell division, differentiation, organogenesis and dormancy establishment; and the latter gives rise to an endosperm through coenocytic nuclear divisions and cel-lularization. Embryo usually has cotyledons, hypocotyl, shoot and root meristems. During seed development and germination, the endosperm provides nutrients to the embryo. Both embryo and endosperm are storage organs in plants, accumulating starch, lipids and storage pro-teins at their later stages of development. No doubt, post-fertilization embryo and endosperm development is not only important for the plant life cycle, but also im-portant for crop yield and quality establishments. The mechanisms underlying cell divisions, differentiation, organ formation and signal transduction are important questions in life sciences, which need to be addressed in developmental biological studies. Related studies are crucial for understanding seed formation, and may pro-vide new tools for crop improvement. This article out-lines the rational, recent national and international ad-vances and future prospective in the area of seed stud-ies.

关 键 词：种子 胚胎发育 胚乳发育 细胞分化器官发生 印迹效应 

分 类 号：Q945.4[生物学—植物学]