野外模拟降雨条件下矿区土质道路径流产沙及细沟发育研究  

Runoff, sediment yield and rill development characteristic of unpaved road in mining area under field artificial simulated rainfall condition

作　　者：郭明明[1] 王文龙[1,2] 李建明[3] 朱宝才[1,4] 史倩华 康宏亮[1] 李艳富 Guo Mingming Wang Wenlong Li Jianming Zhu Baoca Shi Qianhua Kang Hongliang Li Yanfu(State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A＆F University, Yangling, 712100, China Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling, 712100, China Department of Soil and Water Conservation, Yangtze River Scientific Research Institute, Wuhan 430010, China College of Forestry, Shanxi Agrieultural University, Taigu, 030801, China Nanjing Hudraulic Research Institute, Nanjing 210029)

机构地区：[1]西北农林科技大学水土保持研究所黄土高原土壤侵蚀与旱地农业国家重点实验室,杨凌712100 [2]中国科学院水利部水土保持研究所,杨凌712100 [3]长江科学院水土保持研究所,武汉430010 [4]山西农业大学林学院,太谷030801 [5]南京水利水电科学院,南京210029

出　　处：《农业工程学报》2016年第24期155-163,共9页Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering

基　　金：国家自然科学基金(41571275;41302199);中国科学院西部行动计划(KZCX-XB3-13);中国科学院知识创新工程重大项目(KZZD-EW-04-03)

摘　　要：为研究矿区土质道路径流产沙及细沟形态发育特征,在野外调查的基础上,设计坡度（3°、6°、9°、12°）和雨强（0.5、1.0、2.5、2.0、2.5、3.0 mm/min）2个处理,在野外建立不同坡度的道路小区,采用人工模拟降雨的方法,测定了不同处理道路径流产沙参数和细沟形态指标。结果表明：1）各坡度道路径流率为1.12~8.24 L/min,与雨强线性关系极显著,随坡度变化不显著;除0.5 mm/min雨强3°~9°坡及1.0 mm/min雨强3°坡道路径流流态为层流外,其余为紊流,雨强-坡度交互作用（I×S）对流态影响显著;阻力系数只与坡度相关。2）各坡度道路剥蚀率为0.92~324.46 g/（m^2·s）,与雨强、坡度和径流率呈极显著幂函数关系（R^2=0.968,P〈0.01）,道路土壤发生剥蚀的临界剪切力和临界径流功率分别为2.15 N/m^2和0.41 W/（m^2·s）。3）3°道路以片状侵蚀为主,6°~12°道路细沟发育,细沟宽深比、复杂度、割裂度和细沟密度分别为1.80~3.75、1.07~1.55、0.20%~10.33%和0.067~2.01 m/m^2,细沟发育程度是雨强和坡度交互作用（I×S）的结果。4）6°~12°道路细沟侵蚀量占总侵蚀量比例为18.0%~57.16%,总侵蚀量与细沟宽深比、细沟复杂度、细沟割裂度和细沟密度均呈显著的函数关系（R^2=0.35~0.96,P≤0.01）,割裂度是影响土质道路总侵蚀量的最佳细沟形态因子。结果可为矿区土质道路水土保持工程设计及生产安全提供参数支持。Serious man-made soil and water loss are common on unpaved roads in the mining area of Shenfu Coalfield.In general,unpaved roads are frequently rolled by transport machinery and result in massive mud after rainfall.A certain thickness of loose surface soil layer is generated after the mud is air-dried and rolled,which negatively impacts the ecological environment.An artificially simulated rainfall experiment was carried out in this study.The law of runoff and sediment yields and the characteristic of rill morphology development of unpaved road in mining area were studied at different rainfall intensities and slope degrees.According to the results of field investigations,the slope of roads usually ranged from 2° to 20° in the area and thus we set the slope of plots to 3°,6°,9°and 12°.Six rainfall intensities were tested,varying from 0.5 to 3.0 mm/min with an interval of 0.5 mm/min.The thickness of loose surface soil layer was set to 0.5 cm in our experiments.Plot used in the experiment was laid out to be 3 m×1 m and two flow sections were set for the measurement of runoff and sediment.Before each experiment,rainfall intensity was calibrated repeatedly until the rainfall uniformity coefficient reached 80% or higher.Soil particle composition was determined using Mastersizer 2000,whilst soil bulk density and moisture content were measured using the oven-drying method.During each experiment,flow velocity was measured with the dye tracing method.Flow width and depth were measured with a point gauge system.From 3 minutes before the runoff generation,runoff samples were taken once a minute.Other samples were taken every 3 minutes after runoff generation.All of the experiment was repeated twice.Results showed that： 1） Runoff rates varied from 1.12 to 8.24 L/min and had a significant linear relationship with rainfall intensities and no correlation with slope degrees.The Reynolds number and Resistance coefficient were 232.38-2 073.0 and 0.45-4.47,respectively.The turblence intensity of runoff increased with the i

关 键 词：侵蚀 径流 水动力学 神府矿区 道路 细沟 形态特征 

分 类 号：S157.1[农业科学—土壤学]