中国强雷暴大风的气候特征和环境参数分析  

Climatic Characteristics and Environmental Parameters of Severe Thunderstorm Gales in China

作　　者：费海燕[1] 王秀明[1] 周小刚[1] 俞小鼎[1] 

机构地区：[1]中国气象局气象干部培训学院,北京100081

出　　处：《气象》2016年第12期1513-1521,共9页Meteorological Monthly

基　　金：公益性行业(气象)科研专项(GYHY201406002);国家自然科学基金项目(41475042和4137505);江苏省气象科学研究所北极阁基金项目(BJG201305)共同资助

摘　　要：对2004—2013年中国强雷暴大风记录(风速≥25 m·s^(-1))的气候特征和环境参数进行统计分析研究。结果表明:强雷暴大风主要发生在中国中东部地区,从3月开始在西南、华南地区出现,4月北进入华中、华东地区,5月北进到华北、东北和西北地区。不同地区强雷暴大风发生峰值时间不同,其中华中和华南有两个峰值。中国强雷暴大风环境参数中低层垂直风切变中等(地面至700hPa和地面至500 hPa平均值分别为10.2和14.3 m·s^(-1)),明显低于美国大范围雷暴大风的均值;存在明显的干层,一般表现为500 hPa附近的中层温度露点差大于10℃C以上,其中华北、西北地区表现为整层3~7 km均较干。根据红外卫星云图的观测特征,强雷暴大风发生时云型最多的是团状,其次是线状,还有一些不规则形状的云型,不同地区主导云型不同。分析我国强雷暴大风多发地华东地区三种云型的环境参数表明:团状云型强雷暴大风的CAPE值大,低层高湿,中层干且环境温度直减率大;线状云型其热力参数值均较团状云型小,但低层和深层垂直风切变大,整层均较干;不规则云型低层高温高湿,环境风垂直切变较小。This study analyzed the climatic features and environmental parameters of severe thunderstorm gales （≥25 m. s-1） in China in 2004-2013. The results show that severe thunderstorm gales are seen mainly in the eastern part of China. Beginning from March the gales blow in the southwest and southeast of China, then moving northward to the central and eastern part in April and continuously to the northern, northeastern and northwestern parts in May. The peak values of severe thunderstorm gales appear at different times in different regions and there are two peaks in the central and eastern parts of China. Severe thunderstorm gales have medium vertical wind shears, 10.2 m . s- 1 from surface to 700 hPa, and 14.3 m . s-1 from surface to 500 hPa, which are lower than the average values in America. The relative dry layers exist obviously in the middle level. The average difference between temperature and dew point temperature at 500 hPa is greater than 10 ℃, while the layers from 3 km to 7 km are dry in the northern and northeastern part of China. According to the infrared satellite images, the most common severe thunderstorm gales are mostly along with cluster clouds, and secondly line clouds. Besides, there are some single convective clouds and the major cloud patterns are different in different regions. By analyzing the environmental parameters of three different cloud patterns in East China where severe thunderstorm gales are seen often,we found that, in the case of the cluster clouds, the CAPE values of the severe gales are large with humidity high in low level but low in middle level, and also with high lapse rate. In comparison, for the line cloud pattern the thermodynamic parameters are smaller, but the values of low-level and deep vertical wind shears are large and the whole layer is dry. The values of humidity and temperature in low level for the single convective cloud pattern are large and the ambient vertical wind shears are smaller.

关 键 词：雷暴大风 环境参数 云型 统计分析 

分 类 号：P468[天文地球—大气科学及气象学]