闽北锥栗林经营过程中的水土流失防治效果研究  

The Control Effect of Soil Erosion in Castanea henryi Plantation in the North of Fujian Province

作　　者：邹显花[1,2] 黄彬彬[1,2] 高清贵[3] 马祥庆[1,2] 

机构地区：[1]福建农林大学林学院,福州350002 [2]海峡两岸红壤区水土保持协同创新中心,福州350002 [3]建瓯市水土保持办公室,福建建瓯353100

出　　处：《水土保持学报》2016年第6期47-55,共9页Journal of Soil and Water Conservation

基　　金：福建省教育厅中青年教师教育科研项目(科技类)(JA13094);国家科技支撑计划项目(2014BAD15B02);国家林业局林业公益性行业科研项目(201304303)

摘　　要：采用侵蚀针与径流小区定位观测相结合的方法,比较黑色薄膜覆盖与绿肥覆盖、割草覆盖、生物篱、施用除草剂等传统经济林水土流失治理措施的水土保持效果,探讨在锥栗林中黑色薄膜覆盖防治水土流失的可行性。结果表明:不同处理的水土及养分流失量总体上均显著小于对照。其中,绿肥覆盖与施用百草枯2种处理的液体径流量在试验期间均低于其他3种处理措施。由于覆膜减少了降雨的入渗量,与其他处理相比,黑色薄膜覆盖的液体径流量较大,其固体流失量则在不同月份均最低,施用百草枯处理的固体流失量也显著小于其他传统处理。通过对不同处理的坡面侵蚀空间分异特征进一步分析得出,与对照相比,绿肥覆盖、生物篱、施用百草枯3种处理的坡面净侵蚀现象随着处理时间的延长而逐渐减少,而黑色薄膜覆盖与割草覆盖处理的坡面净沉积作用明显。因黑色薄膜覆盖可实现"肥与水隔离",大量的液体流失并未造成过多的养分损失,仅5—6月的液体全P、全K和铵态N大于对照,7—10月,液体养分流失量也显著小于对照,且黑色薄膜覆盖在试验期间固体养分流失量总体上均显著小于其他处理。此外,黑色薄膜覆盖大大缩短了果实捡拾时间,降低了人工成本。黑色薄膜覆盖措施在减轻坡面土壤侵蚀、减少土壤养分流失方面效果显著,相对其他措施在锥栗林的水土保持方面具有优势,但较强的膜上径流具有加剧侵蚀的倾向,限制其实际应用。可结合设置覆膜比例,采用有孔薄膜、坡面微工程等减少液体径流,以达到薄膜覆盖的最佳效果。We tried to compare the soil and water conservation effects of plastic film mulching with some traditional measures for controlling the soil and water erosion in economic forest,such as green manure mulching,grass coverage,biological hedge,and paraquat application.We tried to explore the feasibility of plastic film mulching on preventing soil and water erosion in Castanea henryi plantation,using erosion needles and observation in runoff plots at the same time.The results showed that the soil erosion and nutrient loss of 5different treatments were all significantly less than the control treatment as the extension of processing time.The liquid runoff of green manure mulching and paraquat application measures were both less than the other 3treatments.The liquid runoff of plastic film mulching was more than the other measures when soil loss was the least for low level of rainfall infiltration,and soil loss of paraquat application was less than the other traditional measures.We also analyzed the spatial heterogeneity of soil erosion on the slopes.We found that net sediment on the slopes of green manure mulching,biological hedge and paraquat application reduced gradually as the extension of processing time.But all the different slope positions of grass coverage and plastic film mulching showed net deposition obviously.On the other hand,so much liquid runoff of plastic film mulching did not take too much nutrient away because the mulch could separate nutrient fromrainfall.Only the content of total phosphorus,total potassium and ammonium nitrogen in liquid runoff in May and June were more than the control treatment when the liquid nutrient loss were less than the control treatment significantly from July to October.The soil nutrient loss of plastic film mulching was also less than the other measures.Moreover,plastic film mulching could reduce the labor costs by reducing the time to harvest.Therefore,we think that plastic film mulching had significant effect in reducing slope soil erosion and nutrient loss,and it had cert

关 键 词：锥栗林 防草黑色薄膜覆盖 水土流失 养分流失 坡面侵蚀空间分异特征 

分 类 号：S157.4[农业科学—土壤学]