羽毛还是鳞片  

Feathers or highly modified scales?

作　　者：季强[1] 王旭日[1] 季燕南[2] 黑须球子 

机构地区：[1]中国地质科学院地质研究所,北京100037 [2]中国地质环境监测院,北京100081 [3]中国地质大学(北京),北京100083

出　　处：《地质学刊》2016年第4期535-544,共10页Journal of Geology

基　　金：国家重点基础研究发展计划("973"计划)项目(2012CB822004-2);中国地质调查局项目(12120114026801)

摘　　要：简要介绍了羽毛的结构、类型、发育过程、起源及早期演化,讨论了"单根管状羽毛"的性质,指出这种管状结构不是羽毛,而是高度变形的特化鳞片。尽管羽毛与爬行动物的鳞片同源,而且羽毛是由恐龙身上的鳞片演变而来,但关键在于小囊领的分异和羽枝脊的出现与否。也就是说,在形态结构上,如果表皮的角质化衍生物出现了羽根和羽小枝,就应该将其称为羽毛,未发生这种分异的结构应当归于高度变形的特化鳞片。同时还讨论了德国法兰克福圣肯堡自然历史博物馆收藏的带纤维状结构的鹦鹉嘴龙和俄罗斯西伯利亚发现的植食性恐龙(Kulindadromeus zabaikalicus),认为二者发育的纤维状结构或羽毛状结构不是羽毛,而是高度变形的特化鳞片,并不存在鳞片与羽毛共生的现象。就目前的材料而言,羽毛仅限发育于兽脚类恐龙中,并不是所有的恐龙均发育羽毛。This paper briefly introduces the structures, morphotypes, developmental processes, origin and early evolution of feathers, and discusses the characters of ＂ single elongate filamentous feathers＂. It is considered that those elongate filamentous structures are highly modified scales, rather than feathers. As we know, feathers are homologous with scales of reptiles, and they are derived from the scales of dinosaurs. However, feathers can be distinguished from scales biologically by the differentiation of follicle collar and the devel- opment of barb ridges, and morphologically by the development of calamus and barbs. In addition, this paper also discusses a psittaco- saurid dinosaur with elongate filamentous structures housed by Senckenbergische Naturforschende Gesellschaft, Frankfurt of Germany and a basal neornithischian dinosaur （Kulindadromeus zabaikalicus ） from the Jurassic of Siberia with small scales and feather-like structures. It is inferred that both of them do develop highly modified scales, rather than feathers. Maybe feather-like structures can co- exist with scales and potentially be widespread among the entire dinosaur clade, but they are not feathers. It is an unwarranted imagina- tion that feathers may have been present in the earliest dinosaurs.

关 键 词：鳞片 羽毛 起源 早期演化 发育过程 

分 类 号：Q915.23[天文地球—古生物学与地层学]