试析北极安全态势发展与安全机制构建  

An Analysis of the Security Dynamics and the Construction of Security Regimes in the Arctic

作　　者：邓贝西[1,2] 张侠[2] DENG Beixi ZHANG Xia(Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China Polar Research Institute of China, Shanghai 200136, China)

机构地区：[1]复旦大学,上海200433 [2]中国极地研究中心,上海200136

出　　处：《太平洋学报》2016年第12期42-50,共9页Pacific Journal

基　　金：国家海洋局南北极环境综合考察与评估专项"极地地缘政治与安全研究"子专题(CHINARE2016-04-05-01)的阶段性成果

摘　　要：冷战以来的北极地区安全态势经历了"军事化—去军事化—再军事化"的演变历程,从冷战期间北极作为美苏军事对峙的前沿,到冷战结束后大国关系缓和促成北极政府间区域合作机制的形成与发展,北极安全局势得到一定程度的缓解。然而在现今全球化和气候变化的背景下,北极国家不断提升在北极地区的军事行动能力,这种以捍卫主权和主权权利、保障战略运输通道、应对突发事件和确保民事安全为初衷的军事能力建设,往往被他国视为启动军备竞争的举措而导致安全困境。受制于俄美在北极战略安全领域的结构性矛盾,北极地区安全机制长期缺失,但安全机制的构建一直是北极国家和部分北极域外利益相关方关注的焦点。在北极区域层面,在非传统安全和民事安全领域不断深化的机制性合作构成建立北极安全信任措施的基石,也促成北极国家达成相应的安全话语共识,即维护北极安全与合作将带来更多回报。同样值得思考的还有在地缘范围上能够(部分)涵盖北极地区的多边区域性安全架构(如北约组织、欧安组织等)在介入北极安全事务上的合法性、能力与意愿。The Arctic security dynamics since the Cold War has undergone the evolution from militarization to de-militarization, and to re-militarization. Arctic used to be the forefront of military confrontation between the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. during the Cold War, and its security situation eased in the post-Cold War era, with the development of cooperation among the Arctic states and the establishment of regional governance mechanism. However, under the ongoing circumstances of globalization and climate change, the Arctic states have been constantly upgrading their military capacities in the region, with the aim of safeguarding sovereign rights, ensuring navigation security of the Arctic passages, responding to contingencies and guaranteeing civil security. Such military capacity-building measures are, nevertheless, seen by others as initiatives to resume arms race in the Arctic, giving rise to security dilemma. Subject to the structural contradiction of the U.S. -Russian rivalry, there is a long-standing deficiency of the security regime in the Arctic. Still, the construction of Arctic security regime constitutes the main concern for both the Arctic states and some Arctic extra-regional stakeholders. In the regional context, the ever intensified institutional cooperation in the domain of non-traditional security and civil security in the Arctic, lays the cornerstone for establishing confidence-building measures, and contributes to reaching the consensus on the security discourse that maintaining peace and cooperation in the Arctic will be mutually rewarding for all. It is also worth considering whether certain regional multilateral security organizations, NATO and OSCE for instance, possess the legitimacy, the intent and the capabilities to participate in Arctic security issues.

关 键 词：北极安全态势 北极安全机制 北约组织 美国 俄罗斯 

分 类 号：D815[政治法律—国际关系]