长期施肥对黄土高原黄绵土氮肥利用率的影响  

Effects of long-term fertilization on nitrogen fertilizer use efficiency in loessial soil region on the Loess Plateau,Northwest China

作　　者：俄胜哲[1,2] 杨志奇[3] 曾希柏[1] 王亚男[1] 罗照霞[3] 袁金华[2] 车宗贤[2] 郭永杰[2] 

机构地区：[1]中国农业科学院农业环境与可持续发展研究所,北京100081 [2]甘肃省农业科学院土壤肥料与节水农业研究所,兰州730070 [3]天水市农业科学研究所,甘肃天水741000

出　　处：《应用生态学报》2017年第1期151-158,共8页Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology

基　　金：国家科技支撑计划项目(2012BAD05B06);益性行业(农业)科研专项(201203030)资助~~

摘　　要：氮肥利用率是确定推荐施氮量和施氮效果评价的关键参数.本文通过黄土高原黄绵土区持续34年(1981—2015年)的长期定位试验,研究了长期不同施肥处理对氮肥当季利用率和累积利用率的影响及氮肥当季利用率与累积利用率的关系.结果表明:除试验起始年(1982)外,不同施肥处理对小麦、油菜和胡麻3种作物氮肥的当季利用率和累积利用率都有显著影响,其中小麦以氮磷钾配施(NPK)处理平均氮肥当季利用率最高,其次为氮磷配施(NP)处理,分别较单施氮肥(N)处理提高了77.7%和62.0%;油菜也以氮磷钾配施(NPK)处理平均氮肥当季利用率最高,其次为有机肥与氮磷钾配施(MNPK)处理,分别较单施氮肥处理提高了93.7%和65.6%.有机肥与氮肥配施(MN)处理氮肥当季利用率较单施氮肥(N)处理显著增加,而有机肥与氮磷配施(MNP)和氮磷钾配施(MNPK)处理氮肥当季利用率较相应氮磷配施(NP)和氮磷钾配施(NPK)处理明显降低.氮肥当季利用率与作物籽粒产量存在显著的线性正相关关系,而累积利用率与作物籽粒产量的相关关系不明显.表明与氮肥累积利用率相比,当季利用率能较及时地反映特定土壤肥力、作物种类、品种和环境条件下的肥料利用率特征.Nitrogen fertilizer use efficiency is a key parameter to determine recommended nitrogen fertilizer amount and evaluate the effects of nitrogen fertilizer application. The effects of long-terrn fertilization on annual and accumulated nitrogen fertilizer use efficiency and the relationship between them were studied using a 34-year fertilization experiment （1981-2015） in loessial soil region. The results showed that fertilization had significant influence on annual and accumulated nitrogen fertilizer use efficiency of wheat, rape and flax in the period of 1983-2015. The highest mean annual nitrogen fertilizer use efficiency of wheat was achieved in N, P and K combination （ NPK）, the second was N combined with P （NP） , 77.7% and 62.0% higher than N application alone respectively. The highest mean annual nitrogen fertilizer use efficiency of rape was achieved in NPK, the second was manure （M）, N, P and K combination （MNPK）, 93.7% and 65.6% higher than N application alone respectively. The annual nitrogen fertilizer use efficiency of M combined with N （MN） increased significantly compared with N application alone. The annual nitrogen fertilizer use efficiency of M, N and P combination （MNP） decreased significantly compared with NP. The an- nual nitrogen fertilizer use efficiency of MNPK decreased significantly compared with NPK. There was significant positive linear relationship between annual nitrogen fertilizer use efficiency and crop yield. The correlation between accumulated nitrogen fertilizer use efficiency and crop yield was not significant. It indicated that the annual nitrogen fertilizer use efficiency could be more effective in representing fertilizer use efficiency characteristics under given soil fertility levels, crop varieties and environmental conditions compared with accumulated nitrogen fertilizer use efficiency.

关 键 词：长期施肥 黄土高原 黄绵土 氮肥当季利用率 氮肥累积利用率 

分 类 号：S147[农业科学—肥料学]