政府在应对自然灾害中的预见可能性——日本国家责任的视角  

Foreseeability by the Government in Coping with Natural Disasters: from the Perspective of State Responsibility in Japa

作　　者：杜仪方[1] 

机构地区：[1]复旦大学法学院

出　　处：《环球法律评论》2017年第1期96-109,共14页Global Law Review

基　　金：2012年国家社会科学基金项目"风险行政中的国家责任研究"(12CFX031);2016年上海市人民政府决策咨询研究政府法制专项课题"行政不作为的监管与救济研究"(2016-Z-B06)的研究成果

摘　　要：现代社会中,政府基于其危险防止型行政的角色定位,需要在特定情形下对自然灾害所造成的损害承担赔偿责任。就危险防止型行政中的行政不作为是否违法,主要存在预见可能性、结果避免可能性、期待可能性和受损法益的重大性这四项判断要件。其中,能否预见到自然灾害的发生至关重要。为此,需要从国家责任的视角出发,对政府在应对自然灾害中预见可能性的概念、判断标准、判断要素等进行分析,阐述政府对自然灾害具有预见可能性的条件,并进而应为其不履行职责的行为承担法律责任。具体而言,在国家法律责任层面上,政府在应对自然灾害中的预见可能性应以通常状态或者一般注意义务为前提,以盖然性为标准,并因个案不同存有差异。借由对日本预见可能性概念进行的梳理,可以在我国国家赔偿制度中引入预见可能性理念及危险防止型行政责任体系,进而对我国国家责任体系进行反思。In modern society, the government, on account its administrational role of risk prevention, bears the responsibility of compensation for natural disasters under specific cir- cumstances. Four elements are used to judge whether there is an administrative omission in risk prevention ： foreseeability, the possibility of preventing the result, the possibility of expectation and the importance of the damaged legal interest. Among the four elements, foreseeability of natural disasters is the most important one. This article analyzes from the perspective of state re- sponsibility the concept, the judgment standard and factors affecting the determination of fore- seeability by the government in coping with natural disasters. It describes the conditions under which the government should be able to foresee natural disasters and thus incur legal responsi- bility when it fails to do so. More specifically, at the level of state legal responsibility, the de- termination of the foreseeability of natural disaster should take normal condition and general duty of care as preconditions and probability as the standard, and be made on a case by case basis. This article introduces the principle of foreseeability in Japan, puts forward the suggestion of in- troducing the idea of foreseeability and the system of administrative responsibility for risk pre- vention into the Chinese state compensation system, ity system in China. and reflects on the current state responsibil-

关 键 词：自然灾害 危险防止型行政 预见可能性 国家责任 

分 类 号：D731.3[政治法律—政治学] X43[政治法律—中外政治制度]