我国城市考古中翼手目遗骸的首次发现及其生态、资源域分析  

THE FIRST DISCOVERY OF CHIROPTERA REMAINS IN CHINESE URBAN ARCHAEOLOGY AND ITS ECOLOGY, SITE CATCHMENT ANALYSIS

作　　者：武仙竹[1,2] 马江波[1,2] 邹后曦 

机构地区：[1]重庆师范大学科技考古与文物保护技术实验室,重庆401331 [2]中俄科技考古研究所,重庆401331 [3]重庆市文化遗产研究院,重庆400013

出　　处：《第四纪研究》2017年第1期187-195,共9页Quaternary Sciences

基　　金：国家社科基金项目“显微分析与数字模型技术在考古研究中的应用”（批准号：10XKG：007）资助.致谢 感谢审稿专家和编辑部杨美芳老师提出的修改意见.

摘　　要：翼手目是哺乳动物纲中唯一真正会飞翔的动物。中国旧石器时代遗址中已发现较多，新石器时代遗址中鲜有发现，城市遗址考古中重庆南宋府衙遗址为首次发现。2012年重庆南宋府衙遗址H43考古发掘中，通过使用水洗法获得2件小褐菊头蝠（Rhinolophus stheno）下颌骨标本。下颌骨齿式为2·1·3·3，下齿列长度7.82-7.87mm。骨骼材料属于菊头蝠科（Rhinolophidae）小型类型。下颌骨的p3高度退化，生长位置完全退出于下齿列中轴线外侧；p2和p4齿冠直接接触。下臼齿m1-m3齿冠结构相似，齿冠底部前面-颊侧-后面，生长有明显的齿带（前高、后低）；下内尖比下次尖弱小；3枚下臼齿从前向后，呈现微弱的规律性变小现象（m3不呈现特别退化现象）。小褐菊头蝠现生区域，是从赤道一带沿马来半岛（马来西亚）、中南半岛（包括越南、老挝、泰国等）向北回归线附近分布，生存区域主要为热带雨林气候区和热带季风气候区。重庆南宋府衙遗址小褐菊头蝠的发现，证实宋代中国西南峡谷低海拔区域，存在有与热带季风气候区相近似的自然环境特征。该批标本发现于宋代重庆主城区，反映当时重庆主城区阔叶林竹林等原生植被繁茂，自然水域较多并很少受到人类干扰。城市居民生活资料并非是依靠对城内资源进行开发和索取，而主要依靠城市之外的社会供给渠道向城内提供。这一认识为历史时期都市资源域特点找到了例证，也为现代“森林城市”建设理念找到了历史模板。东南亚型翼手目小褐菊头蝠发现于重庆古遗址，还反映中国西南地区古动物群与东南亚古动物群之间，具有很大共同性和密切演化关系。Chiroptera is the only true flying animal in the mammalian class. China has found a lot of them in Paleolithic sites, and they are rarely found in Neolithic sites. In urban archaeological sites, Chongqing Southern Song Fuya site（also called Laogulou Yashu site）is the first time found. In 2012, in the site H43 excavations, we obtained 2 Rhinolophus stheno mandible specimens by using water-washing method. Mandibular dental formula is 2·1·3·3, and the length of lower dentition is 7.82-7.87mm. The bone material belongs to the small genus Rhinolophidae. The p3 of the mandible is highly degenerated and the growth site is completely out of the axis of the lower dentition; the p2 and p4 crowns are in direct contact. The crown structure of the molars m1-m3 are similar. The bottom of the crown of the front-buccal-behind has obvious cingulum（the front is high, the behind is low）; the endoconid is weaker than the hypoconid; 3 molars from front to back, show a weak regularity of phenomenon that they become smaller（m3 does not show a special degradation phenomenon）. The present living area of Rhinolophus stheno, mainly from the equatorial zone along Malay Peninsula（Malaysia）, Indochina（Vietnam, Laos, Thailand, etc.）to near the Tropic of Cancer, mainly are tropical rain-forest climate zone and tropical monsoon climate zone. Rhinolophus stheno found in Chongqing Southern Song Fuya site, confirmed that low altitude areas of Southwest China gorges were similar to environmental characteristics of tropical monsoon climate zone in Song Dynasty. These specimens appeared in downtown of Chongqing in Southern Song Dynasty, reflecting the downtown of Chongqing have lush broad-leaved forest, bamboo and other native vegetation and natural waters are more and rarely subject to human interference. Urban living materials are not rely on resources within the city, but mainly rely on the supply outside the city. This recognition provides an example for urban catchment（resources exploitation territory）feature in histori

关 键 词：重庆 城市考古 宋代 资源特点 小褐菊头蝠 

分 类 号：Q911.5[天文地球—古生物学与地层学] Q959.833[生物学—古生物学]