18世纪末至19世纪中期俄国农奴制的剥削程度新论  

The Intensity of Exploitation of Russian Serfdom from the Late 18^(th) to the Mid-19^(th) Century

作　　者：李振文[1] 

机构地区：[1]吉林大学东北亚研究院历史与文化研究所,博士研究生吉林长春130012

出　　处：《史学月刊》2017年第2期92-101,124,共11页Journal of Historical Science

摘　　要：18世纪末至19世纪中期,俄国农奴制的主要剥削形式是代役制和劳役制。根据对劳役制下农民份地与地主自营地的数量变化和相互比例、农民为地主服劳役的时间的分析,以及对代役制下农民的各项租税及其农副业收入的变化的辨析,可以发现,虽然因为地主数量的增长、地主经济的扩张、地主消费和债务规模的扩大,农奴制的剥削程度确实有所提高,但由于地主对农民的剥削面临着一系列的约束,因此这种剥削程度并不像传统认为的那样沉重。1861年前,农奴制经济并未丧失发展潜力,农奴制经济危机并非是衰退性危机,而是结构性危机和转型危机。正是这种结构性危机和战争失败后的国家政治危机,最终导致了19世纪中期沙皇政府废除农奴制。From the late 18 th to the mid-19 th century,the main exploitation forms of Russian serfdom were obrok and barschina.This paper analyzes the changes in the number of peasants＇ allotments and landowners＇ lands under barschina,showing peasants＇ servitude time for landowners,and discriminates the changes of peasants＇ rents and taxes,their agricultural and sideline income under obrok.We find that the intensity of exploitation of serfdom indeed increased,but not as heavy as traditional thought.The former is due to the growing number of landlords,their economic expansion;the expansion of their consumption and debts,the latter is due to that the landlords＇ exploitation faced a series of constraints.Before 1861 the serfdom economy did not lose development ability,the serfdom economic crisis was not a recession crisis,but a structural crisis and transition crisis.Economic factors were not the main cause of the abolition of serfdom.The tsarist government abolished serfdom because of political crisis rather than economic crisis.

关 键 词：俄国 农奴制 农民经济 地主经济 剥削程度 

分 类 号：K512.34[历史地理—历史学]