高容量超级电容器电极材料的设计与制备  

Design and Preparation of Electrode Materials for Supercapacitors with High Specific Capacitance

作　　者：吴中[1,2] 张新波[1] WU Zhong ZHANG Xin-Bo(State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Changchun 130022, P. R. China University of Chinese Aeademy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China)

机构地区：[1]中国科学院长春应用化学研究所,稀土国家重点实验室,长春130022 [2]中国科学院大学,北京100049

出　　处：《物理化学学报》2017年第2期305-313,共9页Acta Physico-Chimica Sinica

基　　金：国家自然科学基金(21422108,21271168,51472232)资助项目~~

摘　　要：超级电容器寿命长,安全性高,并可以实现快速充放电,是化学电源研究的热点之一。然而,超级电容器的能量密度较低限制了其更多的应用。因此,超级电容器领域的研究关注点在如何提高超级电容器的能量密度。其中,提高比容量是提高能量密度的一种有效途径。本文通过对电极材料和电解液的优化来研究制备得到高容量超级电容器的方法。电极材料的比表面积、孔道结构和导电性对其电化学性能有着直接的影响。一方面,通过优化电极材料的孔道结构和比表面积可以增加活性位点并提高电解液离子传导率,从而得到高比电容。另一方面,电极材料导电性的提高有利于提升其电子传导率从而得到较高的比容量。本文分别对碳材料和金属氧化物/氢氧化物的优化达到了增加双电层电容和赝电容的目的。不仅如此,还可以通过在电解液中增加氧化还原电对从而得到高比电容。这一方法为高容量超级电容器的制备提供了新的思路。Supercapacitors （SCs） have been explored as one of the electrical sources because of their fast charge and discharge rates, good safety, and long cycle life. However, the limited energy densities of SCs hinder their further application. Thus, current research on SCs focuses on increasing their energy density. Enhancing specific capacitance is an effective way to increase energy density. In this review, we describe several approaches to achieve superior electrochemical properties by optimizing electrode materials and electrolytes. Considering electrode materials, their electrochemical performance is related to their specific surface area, pore structure, and electroconductivity. On one hand, the optimization of specific surface area and pore structure can increase their content of exposed active sites as well as electrolyte ion conductivity, which is beneficial for improved specific capacitance. On the other hand, enhanced electroconductivity leads to higher specific capacitance. The specific capacitances of electric double-layer capacitors and pseudocapacitors have been increased by optimizing carbon-based materials and metal hydroxides/oxides, respectively. Moreover, specific capacitance can be further enhanced by adding a redox mediator to the electrolyte as a pseudocapacitive source. This review offers perspectives to aid the development of next-generation supercapacitors with high specific capacitance.

关 键 词：超级电容器 比容量 电极材料 电解液 双电层电容 赝电容 

分 类 号：TM53[电气工程—电器]