基于水劣化足迹的城市发展的水环境效应评价--以北京市为例  

Water environmental impact assessment of urban development based on water degradation footprint: a case study of Beijing

作　　者：严岩[1] 贾学秀[1,2] 单鹏[1,2] 吴钢[1] YAN Yan JIA Xuexiu SHAN Peng WU Gang(State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eeo-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085 Chinese Aeademy of Sciences, Beijing 100049)

机构地区：[1]中国科学院生态环境研究中心,城市与区域生态国家重点实验室,北京100085 [2]中国科学院大学,北京100049

出　　处：《环境科学学报》2017年第2期779-785,共7页Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae

基　　金：城市与区域生态国家重点实验室自主项目(No.SKLURE2013-1-02)~~

摘　　要：水劣化足迹是反映污染物排放对水质影响程度的一种评价方法和指标.为了评估和揭示北京市城市发展的水环境效应,本文基于水劣化足迹评价的方法框架,发展和完善相关模型和参数,选取关键污染因子,对北京市2004—2013年水体酸化足迹、水体富营养化足迹和水体生态毒性足迹进行了评价,进而对水劣化足迹与部分城市发展指标的相关关系进行了分析.结果显示:12004—2013年北京市水酸化足迹逐年减小,由2004年的19.1×107kg SO_2eq减少到2013年的8.7×107kg SO_2eq,污染排放对水体酸化的影响有所减弱;2水体富营养化足迹在2004—2009年和2010—2013年两个时间段内总体均呈现减少趋势,但后一时间段内水体富营养化绝对值总体高于前一时间段.2004—2009年,水体富营养化足迹减少了约1.5×10~7kg NO_3eq,而从2010—2013年减少了约0.8×107kg NO_3^-eq;2011年至2013年期间,基于新增污染物(氨氮、总氮和总磷)计算的水体富营养化足迹减少了2.4×10~7kg NO_3eq.从其组成来看,水体富营养化的关键因素为总磷;3选取铅(Pb)、汞(Hg)、铬(Cr)、镉(Cd)、砷(As)5种重金属污染物,对北京市2011—2013年的水体生态毒性足迹进行评价发现,水体生态毒性足迹从4234.7×106m3H_2O eq增加到4653.1×106m3H2O eq.从其组成来看,重金属水体生态毒性足迹的关键污染因子为镉(Cd);4水劣化足迹与城市发展特征指标的关系分析显示,人口数量增速减缓、产业结构调整(第二产业向第三产业转化)以及农业化肥用量的减少,对于水劣化足迹的改善有积极作用.Water degradation footprint describes the effect of pollutant emission to water quality,and human activities during urban development,such as domestic and industrial effluents,which can have various impacts on water degradation. To analyze the impacts of human activities on water quality,the present study developed the frame and coefficients of water degradation footprint assessment,and adopted life cycle assessment（ LCA）-based water degradation footprint of Beijing from 2004 to 2013. The results show that the water acidification footprint decreased annually,declining from 19.1×10^7kg SO2eq（ 2004） to 8. 7 × 10^7 kg SO2eq in 2013. Simultaneously,water eutrophication footprint of NOxvaried in two stages. For stage-1,the water eutrophication footprint decreased about 1.5×10^7kg NO3eq from 2004 to 2009 and decreased about 0.8×10^7kg NO3eq in the later 4 years（ stage-2）. In2011—2013,the water eutrophication footprint with the pollutants of NH3-N,total nitrogen（ TN） and total phosphorus（ TP） was assessed,and results show that water eutrophication footprint declined about 2.4×10^7kg NO3eq in this 3 years,and TP had the largest contribution to water eutrophication.Besides,water ecotoxicity footprint of 5 kinds of heavy metal pollutants was analyzed within the period of 2011—2013. The results show that the water ecotoxicity footprint increased from 4234.7×10^6m^3H2O eq（ 2011） to 4653.1 × 10^6m^3H2O eq（ 2013）,and cadmium is the critical factor for heavymetal water ecotoxicity. Based on the results of the assessment,the correlation between water degradation footprints and some urban development indices was analyzed. It＇s found that the slowdown of population growth,decrease of chemical fertilizer consumption,as well as the adjustment of industrial structure would facilitate the decrease of water degradation footprint.

关 键 词：水劣化 水体富营养化 水体酸化 水体生态毒性 水足迹 北京 

分 类 号：X32[环境科学与工程—环境工程]