上古国家与文明研究中年代学方法的反思  

Reflections upon the Methodology of Chronology in Ancient Country & Civilization Research

作　　者：郭立新[1] 郭静云[2] 

机构地区：[1]中山大学社会学与人类学学院 [2]台湾中正大学历史系

出　　处：《南方文物》2016年第4期17-31,共15页Cultural Relics in Southern China

摘　　要：在当前上古及三代考古编年和历史复原研究中,往往将经汉代人之手编纂加工过的二手文献全部当真,而将一手的考古资料降为证经补史和配合文献的工具,企图通过考古发现和研究,在后世的"中央"——郑洛地区的地下找到一元的夏商王朝史,再透过从中央看四方,将所有的发明和创新都归功于中央,将四方视为郑洛中央区的传播影响之地。本文指出类型学超范围运用是造成此种状况的原因之一,进而分析了类型学应用的边界条件及其局限性。文章认为,夏商历史复原研究必然涉及到大量跨区域跨文化的比较,这种情况下由于层位学的缺失而使类型学分析往往难以提供严谨的答案,后者并不足以克服此类历史意识形态的陷阱,甚至主动与后者合谋,而沦为强化历史意识形态的帮手。本文提出在进行跨地区跨文化比较时,务须首先通过碳十四测年方法构建跨区域跨文化之间的绝对和相对年代框架,以作为比较的基础和前提。鉴此,研究者需要充分理解、掌握和利用碳十四测年这个重要的年代学工具,建立适当的碳十四测年数据评估和分析方法。文章最后讨论了影响碳十四数据的各种因素以及评估鉴别方法。In the study of archaeological chronology and historical restoration, historians tend to have absolute faith in historical literature arid to regard archaeological discoveries （which are fist-hand material） as supplementary. However in fact Chinese historical literature is the second-hand material, re-compiled and sometimes even re-written by the scholars of Han dyuasty. Historians attempt to use archaeological discoveries to found a unified history around the Zheng-Luo region where is the Chinese political Central Plain after Zbou Dynasty. They also think all the invention and innovation occurred on the Central Plato, then spread and influenced other regions. This paper tries to analyze how this mistake is done when chronology is constructed by typology, and to explain conditions and limitations of typology. Because of the lack of stratigraphy, it is not only difficult to have a precise answer with typology, but it even sometimes becomes an Instrument m ideologizing history. The authors suggest that before we do any cross-cultural and cross-regional comparison, we first have to construct an age framework based on the radiocarbon dates. Therefore,researchers need to fully understand the radiocarbon dating technology and appropriately assess its results. Finally, the article discusses the various factors that affect the accuracy of radiocarbon dating, and methods of evaluation of the accuracy.

关 键 词：上古史 年代学 碳十四 类型学 

分 类 号：K878[历史地理—考古学及博物馆学]