供液方式对番茄基质栽培盐分累积与养分利用率的影响  

Effect of Culture Systems on Salt Accumulation in Substrate and Nutrient Use Efficiency of Tomato

作　　者：熊静[1,2] 陈清[1] 王敬国[1] 刘伟[2] 

机构地区：[1]中国农业大学资源与环境学院,北京100193 [2]北京市农林科学院蔬菜研究中心,北京100097

出　　处：《农业机械学报》2017年第2期224-231,共8页Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery

基　　金："十二五"国家科技支撑计划项目(2013AA103004);北京市果类蔬菜产业创新团队项目(BAIC01-2016)

摘　　要：研究了开放式和封闭式供液方式下番茄根区盐分累积强度、盐分离子组成与比例变化特征、番茄养分含量特征、养分利用效率,分析了盐分累积对番茄产量和脐腐病患病率的影响。结果表明:开放式和封闭式根区电导率均随生育期的延长不断上升,开放式根区溶液电导率最高为11.9 m S/cm,封闭式为17.2 m S/cm;开放式和封闭式根区盐分离子组成由大到小为NO_3^-、K^+、Ca^(2+)、Mg^(2+)、SO_4^(2-)、H_2PO_4^-;开放式和封闭式根区溶液离子比例失衡特征与程度相当,均表现为K^+、Ca^(2+)和H_2PO_4^-比例降低,Mg^(2+)、NO_3^-和SO_4^(2-)比例上升;番茄产量随电导率的增加而降低,果实脐腐病患病率则随电导率和离子比例失衡程度的增加而增加,到采收后期开放式和封闭式果实脐腐病患病率分别高达29.7%和36.6%;与开放式相比,封闭式供液方式下番茄N、P、K、Ca、Mg和S养分利用率分别提高11.6%、19.6%、18.9%、11.8%、37.3%和15.9%。开放式和封闭式基质栽培根区均存在盐分累积和离子比例失衡现象,为控制根区离子比例失衡和果实缺Ca现象,在番茄进入坐果期后应提高K和P的投入,控制N、Mg和S的投入。从节水、节肥和保护环境角度出发,基质栽培应着力发展封闭式供液方式。One of the problems that exists in substrate culture is salt accumulation in root zone, and adequate management of nutrient solution is the primary method to control it. In order to achieve scientific management of nutrient solution, salt accumulation characteristics in root zone need to be studied. A greenhouse experiment was carried out to determine the influence of two systems （open and closed） on electrical conductivity, ion constitution of root solution, nutrient uptake, yield and fruit quality of tomato and nutrient use efficiency. Results showed that electrical conductivity of root solution was increased with the growth of tomato, the highest electrical conductivity in open and closed systems were 11.9 mS/cm and 17.2 mS/cm, respectively. The salt ions in root zone of the two systems were mainly NO/ , K＋ , Ca2＋ , Mg2＋ , SO4^2- and H2PO4^-. The ion imbalance was found in both the open and closed systems, ratios of K＋ , Ca2＋ and H2PO4 concentrations to total ion concentration were decreased from the initial while the ratios of Mg2＋ , NO3 and SO4^2- were increased. The yield of tomato was decreased with high electrical conductivity in open and closed systems, while the blossom-end rot （BER） of fruit was increased with high electrical conductivity and ion imbalance degree. At the end of the trial, the BER in open and closed systems were 29.7% and 36.6% , respectively. Compared with open system, closed system improved the nutrient use efficiency, the nutrient use efficiencies of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S were increased by 11.6% , 19.6% , 18.9% , 11.8% , 37.3% and 15.9% , respectively. In conclusion, the salt accumulation and ion imbalance existed in open and closed systems. Increasing the input of K and P while controlling the use of Mg, N and S could help to keep the ion balance of root solution. The closed system was a more promising way to realize environment-friendly, water-saving and fertilizer-saving in substrate culture.

关 键 词：基质栽培 开放式 封闭式 电导率 离子组成 养分利用效率 

分 类 号：S317[农业科学—作物栽培与耕作技术]