语境论的实用主义（英文）  

Contextualistic Pragmatism

作　　者：尼古拉斯·雷切尔 

机构地区：[1]匹兹堡大学哲学系,美国宾夕法尼亚州匹兹堡15260

出　　处：《自然辩证法通讯》2017年第1期116-123,共8页Journal of Dialectics of Nature

摘　　要：语境论的实用主义采纳了一种功能的进路来解决问题。在这种功能论的实用主义看来,检验任何以目标为导向的手段恰当性的试金石,是它促进实际效果并有效实现手头上的目的的能力。无论一种手段要达到的是物理的目标还是思想的目标,物质的目标还是精神的目标,要知道该手段的恰当性,就得亲自去尝试——也就是说,它是否有助于目标的实现。(无可否认,存在着好的目标与坏的目标,恰当的目标与不恰当的目标。此处的关键是要为人们在恰当有利的公共环境中度过一种令人满意而又具有建设性的个人生活提供机会。)这种关于实用主义的全景式的视角清楚地表明了这个纲领的深刻的建设性本质。多年以来,许多不明智的实用主义之友将之视为一种从根本上具有否定意义的冒险事业,它服从于要抛弃理论或贬低理论作用的想法。在他们看来,实用主义表达的是如下命令:"不要为理论问题烦恼;不要管理论,而是应当专注于实践问题。"但是,将理论与关注领域割裂的想法背离了这个纲领在历史上倡导的完整性。因为实用主义并非以抛弃理论,而是以确证理论的方式出场的。那种传统的功能论的实用主义将理论适用的功效视为检验与确证理论恰当性的手段。这种实用主义并非将实用的功效呈现为理论研究的替代者,而是将之呈现为理论研究恰当性的裁决者,从而将之呈现为确证理论研究的一种手段。正如皮尔斯已经领会到的,实用主义的使命并非抛弃客观性与实在论,而是为它们提供一个合理的根据。Contextualistic pragmatism takes a functional approach to the issues. As such, a functionalistic pragmatism sees it, the touchstone of adequacy for any goal-oriented instrumentality lies in its capacity to foster the effective and efficient realization of the purposes at hand. Be the aim at issue something physical or intellectual, material or spiritual, the proof of the procedural pudding lies in the eating--that is, in facilitate goal realization. （To be sure, there are good goal and bad goals, appropriate ones and inappropriate ones. The crux here is providing an opportunity for living a satisfying and constructive individual life in a duly favorable communal setting.） What this panoramic perspective upon pragmatism makes clear is the deeply constructive nature of the program. Over the years, many of pragmatism＇s false friends have viewed the venture as having a fundamentally negative import, subject to the idea of dismissing or downgrading the role of theory. They see pragmatism as conveying the following injunction： ＂Do not worry yourself about theoretical matters; let theory alone and focus on practical matters instead.＂ But this idea of divorcing theory from the arena of concern is a betrayal of the historical integrity of the program. For pragmatism has come on the scene not to dismiss theory but to validate it. A functionalistic pragmatism of the traditional sort sees the efficacy of its application as a means to testing and validating the adequacy of theories. Such a pragmatism brings the issue of pragmatic efficacy upon the stage not as a replacement for theorizing but as an arbiter of its adequacy and thereby as an instrumentality for its validation. For as Peirce already saw it, the mission of pragmatism is not to dismiss objectivity and realism but to provide them with a rational basis.

关 键 词：实用主义 试错法 语境论 适用的功效 成功的适用 概念的精确性 实在论 

分 类 号：N0[自然科学总论—科学技术哲学]