Determination of urine-derived odorous compounds in a source separation sanitation system  

作　　者：Bianxia Liu Apostolos Giannis Ailu Chen Jiefeng Zhang Victor W.C.Chang Jing-Yuan Wang 

机构地区：[1].Residues and Resource Reclamation Centre(R3C),Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute,Nanyang Technological University,1 Cleantech Loop,CleanTech One,Singapore 637141,Singapore [2]School of Civil and Environmental Engineering,Nanyang Technological University,50 Nanyang Avenue,Singapore 639798,Singapore

出　　处：《Journal of Environmental Sciences》2017年第2期240-249,共10页环境科学学报（英文版）

基　　金：supported by the National Research Foundation,Singapore;program number NRF-CRP5-2009-02,for the School of Civil and Environmental Engineering/Residues and Resource Reclamation Centre,Nanyang Technological University,Singapore

摘　　要：Source separation sanitation systems have attracted more and more attention recently.However, separate urine collection and treatment could induce odor issues, especially in large scale application. In order to avoid such issues, it is necessary to monitor the odor related compounds that might be generated during urine storage. This study investigated the odorous compounds that emitted from source-separated human urine under different hydrolysis conditions. Batch experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of temperature, stale/fresh urine ratio and urine dilution on odor emissions. It was found that ammonia, dimethyl disulfide, allyl methyl sulfide and 4-heptanone were the main odorous compounds generated from human urine, with headspace concentrations hundreds of times higher than their respective odor thresholds. Furthermore, the high temperature accelerated urine hydrolysis and liquid–gas mass transfer, resulting a remarkable increase of odor emissions from the urine solution. The addition of stale urine enhanced urine hydrolysis and expedited odor emissions. On the contrary, diluted urine emitted less odorous compounds ascribed to reduced concentrations of odorant precursors. In addition,this study quantified the odor emissions and revealed the constraints of urine source separation in real-world applications. To address the odor issue, several control strategies are recommended for odor mitigation or elimination from an engineering perspective.Source separation sanitation systems have attracted more and more attention recently.However, separate urine collection and treatment could induce odor issues, especially in large scale application. In order to avoid such issues, it is necessary to monitor the odor related compounds that might be generated during urine storage. This study investigated the odorous compounds that emitted from source-separated human urine under different hydrolysis conditions. Batch experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of temperature, stale/fresh urine ratio and urine dilution on odor emissions. It was found that ammonia, dimethyl disulfide, allyl methyl sulfide and 4-heptanone were the main odorous compounds generated from human urine, with headspace concentrations hundreds of times higher than their respective odor thresholds. Furthermore, the high temperature accelerated urine hydrolysis and liquid–gas mass transfer, resulting a remarkable increase of odor emissions from the urine solution. The addition of stale urine enhanced urine hydrolysis and expedited odor emissions. On the contrary, diluted urine emitted less odorous compounds ascribed to reduced concentrations of odorant precursors. In addition,this study quantified the odor emissions and revealed the constraints of urine source separation in real-world applications. To address the odor issue, several control strategies are recommended for odor mitigation or elimination from an engineering perspective.

关 键 词：Odor emissions Volatile organic compounds（VOCs） Urine hydrolysis Source separation Gas chromatography mass spectrometry（GC–MS） 

分 类 号：X831[环境科学与工程—环境工程]