情态屈折语假设与二分时非兼容的跨语言视角  

A cross-linguistic approach to incompatibility between T_(MOD)P hypothesis and binary tense

作　　者：于秀金[1,2] 张辉[2] 

机构地区：[1]曲阜师范大学 [2]南京师范大学

出　　处：《现代外语》2017年第2期157-167,共11页Modern Foreign Languages

基　　金：国家社科基金项目"平衡语种样本视阈下时-体范畴的类型与共性研究"(15BYY174)的阶段性成果

摘　　要：时-体-情态的表达形式跨语言倾向无明显界限,本文以该视角审视情态屈折语假设所持的英语二分时论。研究发现:1)隐性情态屈折语和二分时并存不符合语言经济性原则,显性情态屈折语和二分时并存无法涵盖will/shall的将来时-将行体和现在时-将行体两种解读;2)从跨语言时-体-情态的语法化倾向和英语显赫时的历时扩张看,言者预期/预测情态源于将来时,将来意义(将行体)不可能源于言者预期/预测;3)跨语言(非)现实不是单一情态范畴,其与时-体-情态之间存在显赫非均衡性;在(非)现实范畴化程度高的语言中,现实和非现实标记呈互补分布。英语(非)现实的范畴化程度低,若说will/shall是非现实专有标记而现实标记缺失也不支持英语无将来时。Based on the fact that there tends to be no clear boundary among the markers of tense-aspect-modality across languages,the paper revisits the T_(MOD)P hypothesis which backs up the argument of English binary tense.The results show that:1) the co-occurrence of covert T_(MOD)and binary tense goes against language economy principle,while that of overt T_(MOD) and binary tense can not cover the two interpretations of will/shall:future tense with prospective aspect and present tense with prospective aspect;2) the speaker-oriented speculation modality derives from future tense and futurity meaning (prospective aspect) can not develop from speaker-oriented speculation,which is evidenced by the tendency of cross-linguistic tense-aspect-modality grammaticalization and of diachronic expansion of mighty tense in English;and 3) cross-linguistically (ir) realis does not only fall into modality category,but keeps uneven degrees in mightiness with tense-aspect-modality.In the languages with a higher degree of categorization of (ir) realis,realis/irrealis markers are in complementary distribution.English has a lower degree of (ir) realis categorization.The fact does not support the argument of no future tense in English that irrealis has the exclusive markers will/shall while realis doesnot have markers.

关 键 词：二分时 时-体-情态 库藏类型学 语法化 现实/非现实 

分 类 号：H003[语言文字—语言学]