从“来宾”到海盗:明王朝对来华荷兰人的认识与态度  

From“Visitors”to Pirates: Chinese People's Attitude towards the Dutch in the Ming Dynasty

作　　者：林发钦[1] 

机构地区：[1]澳门理工学院中西文化研究

出　　处：《华南师范大学学报（社会科学版）》2017年第1期27-35,共9页Journal of South China Normal University：Social Science Edition

摘　　要：1601年,荷兰人首次经海上航路来到中国澳门,寻求打开中国自由贸易之门。中国人虽称荷兰人为"红毛鬼",但这只是对外国人无意识的丑化与白描,并未带有明显的恶意。最初,荷兰人在中国人眼中的形象是"来宾",与葡萄牙人没有不同。但随着荷兰人与葡萄牙人在亚洲海域展开大规模的殖民竞争与武装冲突,葡萄牙人开始在中国人面前大肆攻击荷兰人,加上荷兰人相继侵扰澳门、澎湖、台湾和福建沿海等地,使其"海盗"形象逐渐确立。有明一代,荷兰人始终无法建立与中国的自由贸易关系。In 1601,the Dutch managed to navigate to Macao in order to build free trade connections with China. At the very beginning,Chinese people called them'red-hair monsters',which was just a kind of plain description with unconscious uglification but no obvious viciousness. Because at that time,the Dutch were ordinary'visitors'to the Chinese,the same as the Portuguese. But later,the Dutch and the Portuguese engaged in massive colonial competition and armed conflicts in Asian waters,during which the Portuguese attacked the Dutch in front of the Chinese,and the Dutch invaded Macao,the Pescadores,Taiwan and the coastal area of Fujian. As a result of this,the pirate image of the Dutch gradually formed in Chinese people's minds,and till the end of the Ming Dynasty,the Dutch did not succeed in building formal trade relations with China.

关 键 词：明代 荷兰 毛红鬼 海盗 澳门 

分 类 号：K24[历史地理—历史学]