不同生态条件下氮肥对玉米氮素吸收利用及产量的影响  

Effects of Nitrogen Fertilizer on Nitrogen Absorption,Utilization,and Yield of Maize under Different Ecological Conditions

作　　者：李强[1] 马晓君[1] 豆攀 程秋博 余东海 袁继超[1] 孔凡磊[1] 

机构地区：[1]农业部西南作物生理生态与耕作重点实验室,四川农业大学农学院,四川成都611130 [2]眉山市东坡区农业技术推广站,四川眉山620032

出　　处：《华北农学报》2017年第1期156-164,共9页Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Sinica

基　　金：公益性行业(农业)科研专项经费(201503127);国家“十二五”科技支撑计划项目(2012BAD04B13);四川省科技支撑计划项目(2014NZ0040);四川省玉米产业技术体系岗位专家项目

摘　　要：探明不同生态条件下氮肥对玉米氮素吸收利用及产量形成的影响,为不同生态区玉米生产合理施用氮肥提供理论与实践依据。采用裂区试验设计,研究氮肥对四川成都平原双流和川中丘陵区简阳玉米生长发育、干物质积累与分配、氮素积累与分配、氮素利用效率、产量及其构成因素的影响。生态条件和氮肥对玉米的生长发育、干物质积累与分配、氮素积累与分配、氮素利用效率、产量及其构成因素有显著影响。成都平原降水丰富,光热水集中,土层深厚,土壤肥沃使其玉米株高、叶面积指数、干物质积累量、氮素积累量和产量均高于川中丘陵区,而无效生长过多,收获指数较低,氮素利用效率、农学效率及产谷效率不高是限制该区域玉米产量进一步提高的主要因素;而川中丘陵区气候温和,雨量充沛,土层浅薄,土壤贫瘠使其玉米前期生长不足,后期养分不足,从而不利于高产,但氮肥增产幅度较大,收获指数及氮素利用效率、农学效率、产谷效率较高使其在一定的施氮水平下仍能获得较高产量。在双流等成都平原地区种植玉米可以适当降低施氮量以充分利用土壤中充足的养分,促进氮素的转运,减少无效生长,提高收获指数来获得稳产;而在简阳等川中丘陵区,则可适当增加施氮量以促进玉米前期的营养生长,保证生育后期的养分供应提高玉米的干物质和氮素积累来获得高产。A split plot experiment was conducted to illustrate effects of nitrogen fertilizer on nitrogen absorption and utilization,and yield formation of maize in different ecological regions,and provide theoretical and practical basis for reasonable application of nitrogen fertilizer in maize production in different ecological regions. There were two experimental sites（ Shuangliu and Jianyang） which were respectively located in Chengdu plain and central Sichuan hilly mountain. With studied the effects of nitrogen application on growth characteristics,yield formation,and characteristics of nitrogen uptake and utilization of maize. The results showed that the effects of ecological conditions and nitrogen fertilizer on growth characteristics,dry matter production,nitrogen absorption and utilization,yield and its component of maize were significant. Plentiful rainfall,concentrated sunlight,temperature and water,deep topsoil,fertile soil made the plant height,leaf area index,dry matter accumulation,nitrogen accumulation and yield of Chengdu plain notably higher than that of central Sichuan hilly mountain. Invalid excessive growth,lower harvest index,lower nitrogen use efficiency,agronomic efficiency,and grain production efficiency were the main factors that limited the maize yield of Chengdu plain to further improve. Mild climate,abundant precipitation,shallow topsoil,poor soil of central Sichuan hilly mountain make the maize lack of growth in the early period,lackof nutrition in the late stage. Higher yield amplitude by nitrogen fertilizer,harvest index,nitrogen utilization efficiency,nitrogen agronomic efficiency,and nitrogen grain production efficiency made the maize yield of central Sichuan hilly mountain under a certain level of nitrogen. Plant maize in Chengdu plain could decrease nitrogen application to made full use of abundant nutrient in soil,promote nitrogen translocation,reduce invalid excessive growth,and increase harvest index to obtain high yield. Plant maize in central Sichuan hilly mountain should increas

关 键 词：生态条件 氮肥 玉米 氮素利用 产量 

分 类 号：S143.1[农业科学—肥料学]